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EN
This paper offers a personal report on the author's investigations concerning the Lvov-Warsaw School. The author outlines the origin of his interests in Twardowski's school and his reasons for deciding to write a comprehensive monograph about this group of philosophers. The last part of the paper mentions other people working on the same topic and focuses on problems related to the popularization of Polish philosophy.
EN
Although most historians of philosophy agree about the date of the Lvov-Warsaw School’s beginning (the year 1895, when Kazimierz Twardowski was appointed to the Chair of Philosophy in Lvov), the question of the end of the School’s activities is an object of controversies. A few decades ago, the prevailing view was that the School ceased to exist between 1939 and 1950 as a result of World War II and its aftermath. Today, it is more and more common to say that the School also existed in the second half of the 20th century, although in a slightly different form than before. After presenting this controversy over the Lvov-Warsaw School’s existence in the first part of the paper, in the second and third parts I sketch the history and main features of the School and the reasons why World War II and its consequences caused its collapse. In the fourth part, I first list the criteria of the existence of philosophical schools and then analyze to what degree the Lvov-Warsaw School fulfilled these criteria after 1950. I end with some remarks on the recent developments of the Lvov-Warsaw philosophical tradition.
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EN
There have been many significant publications on Kazimierz Twardowski. Jacek Jadacki intends to add to this list another book Rozum i wola. Kazimierz Twardowski i jego wpływ na kształt kultury polskiej XX wieku. In the review it is appraised whether it can be called “a companion to...”. It provides introductory information that can help readers better understand the role of Twardowski in Polish philosophy and culture. Updated findings by contemporary scholars are also included. The quality of the articles is guaranteed by such authors as J. Woleński, R. Kleszcz, A. Brożek and J. Jadacki. However, new authors are also present as well as less common topics like Twardowski’s influence on the Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine and his roles as political scientist, educational theorist, and historian of Ancient philosophy. The authors manage to convince the reader that Twardowski is “a classic” worth knowing, in consequence the book can be treated as a “companion to Twardowski”. It also inspires readers to further investigate the works and accomplishments of the Lvov philosopher.
EN
The article presents scientific personalities and main achievements of two great scholars: Alfred Tarski and Władysław Tatarkiewicz. They represent different disciplines: Tatarkiewicz was first of all an aesthetician and historian of philosophy; Tarski was a logician and mathematician. The article, however, concentrates on similarities between them. Firstly, both Tatarkiewicz and Tarski are counted among members of the Lvov-Warsaw School. Secondly, they were born and worked in Warsaw (in the case of Tarski – until the outbreak of the World War II). Thirdly, they were strongly attached to their homeland: Poland. Fourthly, one of the common motives of their views is philosophical absolutism. The article is based on the lecture delivered on the 29th of November, 2016, at the University of Warsaw. The lecture was a part of the naming ceremony of two lecture halls at the Institute of Philosophy (Krakowskie Przedmieście 3) in honor, respectively, of Tatarkiewicz and Tarski.
EN
In the article Popper, Tarski and Relativism Jennings argues that according to T-equivalence all ontology (all sort of things in the world) is the derived from the first-order language. So such argumentation leads directly to the relativistic interpretation of Tarski’s semantic theory of truth. This interpretation is very controversial especially given that almost all philosophers of the Lvov-Warsaw School assert that truth is a nonrelativistic value. It seems that Alfred Tarski shares this view with Kazimierz Twardowski and his students. However there are many incompatible interpretations according to which the semantic theory of truth generates different consequences. Thus we can understand this theory in a relativistic, deflationist or absolutist ways. In this article I am reconstructing the relativistic and nonrelativistic interpretations of the semantic theory of truth and I attempt to provide an answer to the important question about whether or not Alfred Tarski is a relativist?
EN
In the paper, we justify the view that Roman Ingarden was an analytical philosopher. First, we show the close personal ties between Ingarden and Kazimierz Twardowski and his pupils. Second, we compare the research program of the Lvov-Warsaw School with the research program formulated by Ingarden. An important point of this program was the use of a specific research method in its implementation. We show that despite the undoubted differences between the research methods declared and actually used by Ingarden and by representatives of the Twardowski School, both of them were methods characteristic of analytical philosophy.
EN
Polish pedagogy has had many eminent scholars who can be called mentors. The first generation of Polish teachers had to start from the bottom when initiating Polish pedagogy at institutions of higher education. In this reality Kazimierz Twardowski was moulded. Twardowski managed to educate many outstanding, accomplished scholars of Polish pedagogy. At the beginning of the 20th century Twardowski, or the Lvov school, started to be talked about and he was an influence on philosophical centres at Polish universities after Poland regained independence. Kazimierz Twardowski was an intellectual and moral authority, he was a man – institution in Polish academic research during the first half of the 20th century. This article examines Twardowski from the perspective of memories of his students.
PL
Polska pedagogika miała wielu znamienitych uczonych, których można nazwać mistrzami. Pierwsze pokolenie polskich pedagogów musiało zacząć od podstaw- musiało zmierzyć się z wprowadzeniem polskiej pedagogiki do szkół wyższych. W tych realiach ukształtowany został Kazimierz Twardowski. Twardowskiemu udało się wychować wielu wybitnych, zasłużonych dla polskiej nauki uczonych. Już na początku XX w. zaczęto w Polsce mówić o szkole Twardowskiego lub szkole lwowskiej, która stała się zaczynem dla ośrodków filozoficznych na polskich uniwersytetach po odzyskaniu niepodległości. Kazimierz Twardowski był autorytetem intelektualnym i moralnym, był człowiekiem - instytucją w nauce polskiej pierwszej połowy XX wieku. Artykuł ukazuje postać Twardowskiego z perspektywy wspomnień jego uczniów.
EN
Analytic description, according to members of the Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) like  Czeżowski, Ajdukiewicz, Ossowska, Tarski is a powerful and an indispensable tool, not only in philosophy but also in any natural science – in psychology especially. It should be equally respected together with empirical analysis and even it is recommended that it should precede any further research. Therefore the book Analiza i konstrukcja: o metodach badania pojęć w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej [Analysis and construction: on the methods of researching concepts in the Lvov-Warsaw School] can be recommended to philosophers as well as scientists.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia filozoficzne tło poglądów Jakuba Karpińskiego. Nawiązywał on do programu Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej. Jest to zrozumiałe, gdyż jego głównymi nauczycielami byli przedstawiciele tej szkoły. Na wspomniane tło składają się następujące założenia: (1) rzeczywistość, którą opisuje nauka, jest bardzo zróżnicowana ontologicznie (pluralizm ontologiczny); (2) zdarzenia składające się na tę rzeczywistość są powtarzalne i powiązane ze sobą związkami przyczynowo-skutkowymi (determinizm); (3) teorie naukowe są oceniane pod wieloma względami – nie tylko co do tego, czy tezy tych teorii są prawdziwe. W artykule omawiane są ponadto: (a) poglądy Karpińskiego dotyczące pojęcia przyczyny; (b) jego ujęcie zagadnienia operacyjnego definiowania terminów naukowych; (c) przeprowadzoną przez Karpińskiego typologię schematów (scil. metod) badań socjologicznych; (d) jego analizę sporów w nauce.
EN
The paper presents the philosophical background of Jakub Karpiński’s views. In this respect, he took his stand on the program of the Lvov-Warsaw School. This fact is understandable, because his main teachers where representatives of this school. The following suppositions compose the aforementioned background: (1) the reality described by science is ontologically very differential (ontological pluralism); (2) events that compose this reality are repeatable and mutually connected by causal relations (determinism); (3) scientific theories are estimated in many respects – not only on account of truthfulness of their theses. In the paper, the following problems are also discussed: (a) Karpiński’s views concerning the notion of cause; (b) his approach to the problem of operational defining scientific terms; (c) Karpiński’s typology of schemes (scil. methods) of sociological research; (d) his analysis of controversies in science.
EN
This paper presents Michael Heller’s notion of “philosophy in science” and re-introduces Michael Heller’s classical text that first presented this concept of philosophy entitled How is “philosophy in science” possible?. The paper discusses the historical context of Heller’s idea as it emerged from the discussions and works of the Krakow philosophical scene and discusses the basic tenants of this philosophy, its analytic character, the role of intellectual tradition in the development of this philosophy, and the critical role played by an interdisciplinary dialogue between philosophy, science, and theology. Despite the idea of philosophy in science having emerged about 40 years ago, this concept still inspires and fuels innovative research. The notion of “philosophy in science” lies at the foundations of the philosophy published in two journals: Philosophical Problems in Science (Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce) and Philosophy in Science.
PL
Professor Jerzy Pelc was the creator and long-time manager of the Department of Logical Semiotics, University of Warsaw. He also founded the Polish Society of Semiotics. He published six own books, among others Studies in Functional Logical Semiotics of Natural Language (1971; in English); he edited also dozens of volumes of Semiotic Studies and Library of Semiotic Thought.  As Kotarbiński, his master, and Twardowski, the master of his master, Professor Pelc was a radical rationalist. This radical rationalism has linked him to atheism, anti-communism, a distance to politics, and a frown on the falsehood of public life. He was a great patriot – in his life and in his work. He considered himself a successor of the Lvov-Warsaw School tradition. In the field of metaphysics, Professor Pelc combined theoretical minimalism with anti-rationalist attitudes, including the postulate of precision and the requirement of criticism. The main field of his interest was logical – and broader: theoretical – semiotics. He advocated and largely developed the functional concept of signs. To traditional paradigms of research: historical, teleological, causal and prognostic ones – Professor Pelc has added a semiotic paradigm, determined by the question “What does it mean that p?”. Referring to the interdisciplinary fashion for interdisciplinary research, he conducted an analysis of the notion of interdisciplinarity. In ontology, he analyzed the notions of object and causality. In his approach, aesthetics was treated form a semiotic point of view: he sought mainly ways to logically rewrite its terminology. In particular, he reconstructed the main aesthetic notions: form and ideology (of literary works), theme, motive, metaphor and (literary) fiction – as well as semiotic notions essential to the description of literary arts, namely the notions of assertion and intensionality. In the field of ethics, Professor Pelc declared himself as an advocate of the ideal of trustworthy guardian, which he took over from his teacher, Kotarbiński. In metaethics, he analyzed the notions of norm, evaluation and humanity. A master of Polish: beautiful Polish – he was certainly a true humanist.
EN
We set several aims for this paper: first, we wanted to attempt to show that from the perspective of historical and philosophical research, it is legitimate to accept the thesis for the existence of the Kraków School of Philosophy in Science, which was rooted in the activities of Michał Heller and Józef Życiński. We also wanted to make a comparative analysis of the basic specific determinants of the Lvov-Warsaw School (as a model for a philosophical school) and their correspondence in the Kraków School. Further, we wished to show how the Kraków School of Philosophy in Science is actually an adaptation of Kazimierz Twardowski’s model, of course taking into account the differences between them. Finally, we wanted to illustrate the nature of the philosophy in the Kraków School and discuss the current efforts to develop it further.
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PL
The Cracow Circle was a group of four Polish philosophers and logicians (Salamucha, Bocheński, Drewnowski, Sobociński) connected with Lvov-Warsaw School. They tried to apply the modern logic to a Christian thought. This application first needed explication what the mathematical logic really is-not a science connected with the Aristotelian abstraction of the second degree but formal science unnecessary in a strict reasoning and defining. Then they showed how important was always exactness in Christian thought and wrote some papers in which the modern logic was used in different issues (maybe the most famous was Salamucha’s analysis of Thomas’ proof ex motu of the existence of God). Cracow Circle was also strongly interested in relations between science and religion, they tried to show and explore new ways to develop Christian, especially catholic, views of the world, philosophy and theology. Very interesting was Drewnowski’s philosophical program and its applications in various problems in philosophy, theology, sociology etc.
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Geneza koła krakowskiego

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EN
This paper is devoted to exploring the cultural background of the manifesto of the Cracow Circle, a philosophical group consisting of Józef Maria Bocheński, O.P., Jan Franciszek Drewnowski, Rev. Jan Salamucha and Bolesław Sobociński. The group was mentored by Jan Łukasiewicz and Rev. Konstanty Michalski. The manifesto of the Cracow Circle aimed to apply the programme of the Lvov-Warsaw School to Catholic theology and philosophy. Within the school, special emphasis was placed on Łukasiewicz’s version of the programme. The amendments to be carried out concerned: (a) refurbishing philosophical language to meet all the conditions of proper scientific discourse, (b) incorporating mathematical logic, (c) upgrading semiotics and methodology, and (d) using formal methods in philosophy. Four groups of circumstances are analysed as the milieu of the Cracow Circle at the beginning of the 20th century and in direct relation to the influential activities of its four founders: (a) esprit de l’époque, (b) state of philosophy, (c) state of logic, and (d) state of theology.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest charakterystyce kulturowego tła manifestu koła krakowskiego i jego zespołu, który stanowili: Józef Maria Bocheński OP, Jan Franciszek Drewnowski, ks. Jan Salamucha oraz Bolesław Sobociński, i który był wspierany przez Jana Łukasiewicza i ks. Konstantego Michalskiego. Manifestem koła była aplikacja programu szkoły lwowsko-warszawskiej do katolickiej teologii i filozofii. W tym przedsięwzięciu szczególną rolę odegrała Łukasiewicza wersja programu. Do zastosowanych środków należały: (a) odnowienie języka tak, aby spełniał on wszystkie warunki właściwego dyskursu naukowego, (b) recepcja logiki matematycznej, (c) uwspółcześnienie semiotyki i metodologii oraz (d) wykorzystanie metod formalnych. Analizowane są cztery grupy okoliczności będące środowiskiem koła krakowskiego: (a) esprit de l’époque, (b) sytuacja w filozofii, (c) sytuacja w logice i (d) sytuacja w teologii – na początku XX wieku – w bezpośrednim związku z decydującymi działaniami czterech założycieli koła.
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Ukraińcy w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej

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Diametros
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2012
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issue 32
232-235
PL
Tematyka niniejszego referatu wpisuje się w badania nad jedną z najważniejszych formacji filozoficznych w XX wieku – Szkołą Lwowsko-Warszawską. W pracy dokonano analizy fenomenu Szkoły Twardowskiego z perspektywy dotychczas przez badaczy tego zagadnienia nie branej pod uwagę – a mianowicie uwzględniającej wielokulturowy charakter Lwowa, jako kolebki Szkoły. Uzasadnienie głównej hipotezy komunikatu, polegającej na stwierdzeniu przynależności szeregu czołowych przedstawicieli ukraińskiej myśli filozoficznej w przedwojennej Galicji do tradycji tzw. filozoficznej Szkoły Lwowskiej, wypełnia istotną lukę w badaniach nad Szkołą Lwowsko-Warszawską i rozszerza perspektywę jej pojmowania jako wielokulturowej formacji intelektualnej.
EN
This article concerns one of the most important philosophical formations in the twentieth century, the Lvov-Warsaw School. It analyzes the phenomenon of Twardowski’s School from a perspective that so far has not been taken into account by scholars: the multicultural nature of Lvov as the cradle of the school. The chief aim of the article is to identify numerous leading representatives of Ukrainian philosophical thought in prewar Galicia with the tradition of the Lvov Philosophical School, thus filling an important gap in research on the Lvov-Warsaw School and broadening the perspective of its understanding as a multicultural intellectual formation.
EN
The aim of the article is to put forward and analyze the concepts of symbol and allegory developed by chosen representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School, in particular Kazimierz Twardowski, Wladyslaw Witwicki, Stanislaw Ossowski, Mieczyslaw Walfisz-Wallis, Leopold Blaustein and Izydora Dąmbska. Whilst defining symbols in science and technology does not present any difficulty for the representatives of the School, defining symbols in art is a challenge. The analysis of papers of School’s members in the domain of art theory and semiotics shows the evolution of the concept of symbol.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję hermeneutyki analitycznej jako teorii i metodologii interpretacji tekstów wyrosłej na gruncie filozofii analitycznej. W pierwszej części przywołano wybrane definicje hermeneutyki oraz jej najważniejsze postulaty, a także metodę interpretacji twórczej sformułowaną przez Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego. W drugiej przedstawiono przykłady interpretacji zaczerpnięte z Lektur platońskich Mariana Przełęckiego, które posłużyły do scharakteryzowania wybranych narzędzi interpretacyjnych hermeneutyki analitycznej. Część trzecia zawiera zestawienie hermeneutyki analitycznej z hermeneutyką logiczną oraz filologiczną w rozumieniu Bogusława Wolniewicza. W podsumowaniu omówiono wybrane aspekty hermeneutyki analitycznej jako programu filozoficznego, metodologicznego, społecznego i dydaktycznego.
EN
The article presents the conception of analytical hermeneutics as a theory and methodology of text interpretation developed on the grounds of analytical philosophy. In the first part, the author recalls selected definitions of hermeneutics and its most important postulates, as well as the method of creative interpretation formulated by Tadeusz Kotarbiński. The second section presents examples of interpretations taken from Marian Przełęcki’s Lektury platońskie [Readings in Plato], which were used to describe selected interpretative tools of analytical hermeneutics. The third part contains a comparison of analytical hermeneutics with logical and philological hermeneutics defined by Bogusław Wolniewicz. The summary discusses selected aspects of analytical hermeneutics as a philosophical, methodological, social and didactic program.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2019
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vol. 67
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issue 1
35-63
PL
Pierwsza część artykułu zawiera logiczną rekonstrukcję oraz metodologiczną analizę niektó¬rych aspektów słynnej pracy Władysława Witwickiego pt. Wiara oświeconych”. W szczególno¬ści, analizie poddane są dokonane przez Witwickiego klasyfikacje wierzących oraz zasady tych klasyfikacji; wskazane są także błędy natury metodologicznej, jakich Witwicki się dopuszcza. W drugiej części tekstu dystynkcje Witwickiego zilustrowane zostały poprzez postawy względem Boga i wiary reprezentowane przez czterech przedstawicieli Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej: Kazimierza Twardowskiego, Jana Łukasiewicza, Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego, Józefa Marię Bocheńskiego.
EN
The first part of the article contains a logical reconstruction and a methodological analysis of some aspects of the famous Władysław Witiwcki’s work “Faith of Enlightened”. In particular, the classifications of believers and the principles of these classifications are analyzed; methodological errors committed by Witwicki are indicated. In the second part of the text, Witwicki's distinctions are illustrated by attitudes towards God and faith represented by four representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School: Kazimierz Twardowski, Jan Łukasiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and Józef Maria Bocheński.
DE
Der Artikel stellt  den Beitrag der Vertreter der Lemberg-Warschau-Schule zur Bestimmung der axiologischen Dimension der Wissenschaft dar. In der Verbreitung philosophischer Kultur und im Hinweisen auf beständige axiologische Fundamente hegten sie Hoffnungen, Patriotismus und Gefühl der Nationalgemeinschaft zu wecken. Sie behaupteten auch, dass sich die Wissenschaft nicht auf eine unbeschränkte und unkontrollierte Art entwickeln darf, sollte sie der Menschheit dienen. Neben der Bestimmung des meritorisch-methodologischen Rahmens war es daher für sie wichtig, den axiologischen Rahmen für das Betreiben der Wissenschaft festzulegen. Sie hatten keine Zweifel, dass sich in der Wissenschaft Werte verwirklichen sollten. In der Wissenschaft mit starken und klar bestimmten axiologischen Fundamenten erblickten sie folglich einen Weg, der nicht allein zur Verbesserung des menschlichen Lebens, sondern auch zur inneren Entwicklung des Menschen führte. Die Sendung eines Wissenschaftlers soll daher auf der Treue gegenüber bestimmten Werten beruhen, vor allem gegenüber der Wahrheit und Freiheit, die der wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeit den Status eines bedeutsamen und zugleich autonomen Bereichs der menschlichen Tätigkeit verleiht.
EN
The contribution is discussed of the Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) in determining the axiological dimension of science. By promoting philosophical culture and solid axiological foundations, the School members aspired to imbue the spirit of patriotism and a sense of national community in society. They believed that if science is to serve humanity, it should not develop in an infinite and recalcitrant way. Apart from defining substantive and methodological directives, the LWS scholars regarded it important to draw up axiological frameworks of scientific studies to define their proper tasks and protect them against depreciating factors. Science, in their view, should promote and develop values. As they saw it, science based on clearly defined axiological foundations should not only seek to improve man’s living, but also develop his inner life. Hence, the scholar’s mission should adhere to set values, in particular truth and freedom, imbuing scientific work with the status of crucial and at the same time autonomous field of human activity.
PL
 Artykuł prezentuje wkład reprezentantów szkoły lwowsko-warszawskiej dotyczący określenia aksjologicznego wymiaru nauki. W krzewieniu kultury filozoficznej oraz wskazywaniu trwałych fundamentów aksjologicznych pokładali oni nadzieje na rozbudzenie w społeczeństwie patriotyzmu oraz poczucia wspólnoty narodowej. Twierdzili też, że jeśli nauka ma służyć ludzkości, to nie może rozwijać się w sposób nieograniczony i niekontrolowany. Stąd obok określenia dyrektyw merytoryczno-metodologicznych, ważne było dla nich także określenie aksjologicznych ram uprawiania nauki, które miałyby strzec jej przed czynnikami ją deprecjonującymi i wyznaczać dlań słuszne cele. Nie mieli zatem wątpliwości, że w nauce powinny urzeczywistniać się wartości.W nauce o mocnych i jasno określonych fundamentach aksjologicznych upatrywali oni zatem, nie tylko drogi zmierzającej do poprawy życia ludzkiego, ale także wewnętrznego rozwoju człowieka. Misją uczonego zatem powinna być wierność określonym wartościom, przede wszystkim prawdzie i wolności, nadającym działalności naukowej status doniosłej i zarazem autonomicznej sfery aktywności ludzkiej.
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