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Konstruování maskulinity v časopisech životního stylu pro muže

100%
Rehackova D.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2006
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vol. 42
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issue 2
291-305
EN
This text examines the construction of masculinity in three men's lifestyle magazines. Using semiotics and discourse analysis, the text focuses on the construction of various representations of masculinity. It argues that men's lifestyle magazines do not show only stereotyped representations of masculinity but are also a space where the meaning of masculinity is negotiated and where masculinity loses its stability and coherence. Using the open text concept, it aims to show how the construction of a text and textual strategies which draw our attention to the code in which the text has been written participate in subverting a stereotyped representation of masculinity. The authoress argues that the subversion of a stereotype and the destruction of the naturalness of masculinity through parody that we find in men's lifestyle magazines is productive because it leads to critical reflection on the historical and social nature of masculinity.
2

Deserters, Saints, Tyrants and 'Little Moles': Image of Father in Polish and Czech Post-communist Cinema

100%
Mazierska E.
Kwartalnik Filmowy
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2007
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issue 57-58
300-313
EN
The fall of communism had an enormous impact on the situation of men and women in the countries of the former socialist bloc, and on the social perception of the functions of the sexes. Post-communism tends to be associated with promoting and putting in practice of a society in which women and men play traditional gender roles. This tendency is usually identified with the growth of masculinism in Eastern and Central Europe. But the return to tradition had no explicitly positive influence on men. Patriarchalism requires men to take over part of the burden - which under communist ideology - men and women were supposed to share. At the same time, after 1989 men, no less than women, felt the negative effects of economic transformation (unemployment, uncertain employment and economically-motivated emigration). As a consequence, 'post-communist man' finds it difficult to fulfil the traditional roles of the head of the family, husband and father. In addition, some males rejected fatherhood as they claimed it was in conflict with their choice of the lifestyle of the 'single'. The authoress wonders how the image of father in Polish and Czech cinema reflects these changes in the culture and society of the nations. She is also interested in the cinematic re-evaluation of fathers from the past as this is also affected by a modern concept of the family.
3

MEN'S LIFESTYLE MAGAZINES: (FAKE) OPPOSITION TO WOMEN'S MAGAZINES

100%
Zierkiewicz E.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2008
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issue 1(188)
45-76
EN
Men's lifestyle magazines are quite a new subgenre of popular magazines aimed at young, single, well-off and pleasure-oriented male readers. Editors of those magazines aspire to 'reveal' a sizable gap between their journals and up-market women's magazines. However, the attributed differences are superficial or even illusory. Being assured that editors possess the secret of hegemonic masculinity, the reader believes that they want to share it with him. Nevertheless, at the deeper level of this media category there are latent processes of male reader feminization. The readers of those magazines are not only asked to succumb to insatiable material consumption but also get encouraged to focus on their body beautification. Moreover, men's lifestyle magazines articulate keen resistance to feminist movement as well as a negative attitude toward gays and lesbians. The readers are asked to believe that the social world is still under the control of men as it used to be in the past. A reader who lacks self-confidence and a sense of security may want to be deceived in that way even at the price of becoming feminized.
4
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Domácí násilí – výpovědi žen žijících v azylovém domě

100%
Marhankova J.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2006
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vol. 7
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issue 2
46-51
EN
Domestic violence is a problem that needs to be perceived in the context of structural inequalities, which are closely related to the gender roles and expectations. This paper is based on research that was done in two shelters for women in need where nine women were interviewed. This paper focuses on two problems. First of them is the form of the violence. Interviews showed that domestic violence was in these cases instrumental towards building a relationship of dominance. The violent partners referred to traditional division of gender roles as a means how to reinforce their domination even in situations when they themselves were not able to fulfill their own traditional role as a breadwinner. The second aim of this paper is to point out on the problems that women have to face up to in the shelters. Despite the fact that all the arrangements were motivated by the effort to protect women, rules were perceived by the clients as too restrictive and stressful and consequently the paternalistic approach that the shelters practice in reality impedes women to reconstruct their new independent life.
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'BEATEN MEN'. MASCULINITY IN CINEMA OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE ('Pokonani mezczyzni'. O meskosci w kinie Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej)

100%
Rode D.
Kwartalnik Filmowy
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2011
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issue 74
224-228
EN
Dagmara Rode's book review of Ewa Mazierska's Masculinities in Polish, Czech and Slovak Cinema: Black Peters and Men of Marble (2008). In her book Mazierska offers a well argued reading of chosen aspects of Polish, Czech, and Slovak films, pointing out the changes in representations of masculinity that took place due to political, economic and social transformations. The book is addressed to an English speaking audience, who will find in this volume a number of interesting details and arguments dealing with contexts and films they might not be particularly familiar with. However Polish readers will also find this book useful, as it deals with a topic neglected in Polish film studies, namely masculinity and its representations.
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'MACHO' VERSUS 'MARICÓN'. OF MEXICAN MASCULINITY

100%
Hryciuk R. E.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2007
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vol. 51
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issue 4
53-79
EN
In Mexican culture there exist various conceptions of cultural gender. The concept of hegemonism is considered to be super masculinity - known as machismo and defined as the image of a 'real man' and thereby defining other versions of masculinity as inadequate or inferior. The latter which contradict the normal pattern - which is best illustrated through homosexuality - with time become alternative ideologies and expand the repertoires of the gender discussions which have functioned in Mexican culture since the beginning of this century. The article contains attempts to investigate the process and the expansion of the images of masculinity functioning within the Mexican national culture from the moment that the nation was created to the present time - on the basis of cultural literature (including popular culture) and discoveries on the part of historians and anthropologists.
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Disciplína ducha a těla v průběhu vzdělávání mladé české elity na přelomu 19. a 20. století

88%
Filipowicz M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2011
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vol. 153
719-727
EN
The main goal of the article is to examine the significance of the discipline in the process of educating the young Czech elite at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Examining this phenomenon was based on the collection of memoirs associated with Hradec Králové. Above all the attitude of authors of memoirs towards phenomena and cultural processes, which can be described as creating the Czech masculine identity based on the nationalism, is an object of the interest. R. Connell’s theory of the relation between the hegemonic and protesting masculinities stayed within the analysis. The memoirs from Hradec Králové constitute evidence for the fact that the Czech masculinity in the course of forming was leaned against the model of the certain indiscipline and subversion towards the official Austrian code. Simultaneously alone it produced disciplining structures and codes.
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APPETITES GROW WITH AGE: WAGE EXPECTATIONS AMONG SLOVAK MEN AND WOMEN

88%
Adamus M., Ballová Mikušová E.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 9
885 – 906
EN
The present study investigated whether gender differences in wage expectations (reservation wage and expected wage level after probation) could be considered as a reliable explanation of the gender wage gap. First, whether women are willing to accept lower wage offers than men do was examined. Then socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect wage expectations in relation to a post of a regional manager in a winery were identified. A total of 381 Slovaks (201 female) participated in the study. Generally, women and men stated similar wage expectations despite significantly different actual incomes. Next, correlation analysis showed that reservation wage was positively related to personal income and masculinity controlling for age (the expected wage level after the probationary period was not related to any of the measured variables), whereas hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed personal income and masculinity as significant predictor of reservation wage. Finally, after dividing participants into age quartiles, ANOVA revealed that with increasing age wage expectations increased as well.
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BEYOND CZECH AND SLOVAK DIFFERENCES IN HOFSTEDE ́S MASCULINITY INDEX: AN INVESTIGATION OF CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES USING HOFSTEDE’S AND SCHWARTZ’S FRAMEWORK

75%
Brezina I., Bašnáková J., Sollár T.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2019
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vol. 22
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issue 1
16 - 33
EN
A number of studies adopting either Hofstede ́s Cultural Values Survey approach or Schwartz ́s concept of Value Types have documented major distinctions in value preferences between Czechs and Slovaks. The most prominent one has been represented either by the dimension of Masculinity (as constructed by Hofstede) or value type of Achievement (a concept of Schwartz); both defined by similar content, stressing the importance of success, achievement and competence. In this study, we therefore aim to explore this difference in more detail. For that purpose, we contrasted two matched samples of Czech (N=200) and Slovak (N=200) participants representative of the two populations. One of the main findings of the study was that several items were interpreted quite differently both within and across the countries. This prompted us to look in more detail at the four items that make up the MAS index. Our results, based on participants ́ responses to VSM2013 and PVQ21 and their demographic information, suggest that factors such as religious affiliation, age, gender and residence size were not major predictors of cross-cultural differences in Masculinity, but rather this single item on Hofstede's VSM 2013 questionnaire. One theoretical possibility brought about by our findings is that while the dimension of Masculinity might be culturally universal, the items devised to measure it could have culture-specific content.
10
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BODY AS A PROJECT: THE RELATIONSHIP CZECH PRISONERS HAVE TO THEIR BODIES

75%
Dirga L.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2017
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vol. 49
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issue 6
636 – 656
EN
The text focuses on the relationship inmates have to their bodies during imprisonment. The data presented in this study are based on ethnographic research carried out in Czech men's high security prisons. The data set consists of interviews with partakers from the “world of prisoners”, observations from prisons and analysis of documents relating to Czech prison service. The analysis shows there is a strong relationship between the physical body and the process of constructing manhood/masculinity in the population of inmates. The physical body is one of crucial components of the masculine/macho prison code/culture. The attitude inmates have to their bodies seems to be altering, depending on the stage of imprisonment in which they currently are. For the description of this alteration the author uses the concept of the body as a project, which may serve as one of the possible ways of understanding the importance of the physical body to inmates during their imprisonment and changing motivations to its further development.
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Otec, otec a dítě: Gay muži a rodičovství

75%
Sokolova V.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2009
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vol. 45
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issue 1
115-146
EN
AThe article is based on the first sociological study of the attitudes and preferences of Czech men who identify themselves as gay towards (gay) fatherhood, family, and parenthood. The main arguments of the study evolve around the themes of the (overwhelmingly positive) parental desires of the gay men participating in the study; their internalised moral dilemmas connected to gay fatherhood; the reproductive choices and limits that structure the attitudes of gay men towards parenthood and family; and gender stereotypes about family/parenting models and the roles these men occupy. The article is divided into two main parts. The fi rst part introduces the context and current state of sociological scholarship and research on gay fatherhood and homoparentality. The second part of the article discusses results, an interpretation, and an analysis of the empirical findings of the study.
12
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The feminine and masculine gender role stress — conclusions from Polish studies

75%
Kazmierczak M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2010
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vol. 41
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issue 1
20-30
EN
The concept of gender role stress is based on the assumption that some women and men might have problems adapting to the feminine and masculine gender roles imposed on them by society. 1515 people took part in the study to verify feminine and masculine gender role stress models in the Polish population. The studies show that the five-factor feminine and masculine stress models are justified. Men display higher stress connected with 'physical inadequacy' than women, whereas women score higher on other subscales associated with feminine and masculine gender role stress. Gender role stress is more connected with femininity. Personality correlates of gender role stress were sought.
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A RAINBOW FLAG AGAINST THE WAWEL DRAGON. CULTURAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CRACOW MARCH FOR TOLERANCE CONFLICT

63%
Kubica G.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2006
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issue 4(183)
69-106
EN
The first part of the article describes the events in 2004 connected with the organization of the festival 'Culture for Tolerance' and negative reaction of many people towards it. The material used consisted of and interviews with organizers, participant observation, video recording press relations. The second part describes positions of experiences of the main actors of events: Campaign Against Homophobia; Institute of Sociology of the Jagiellonian University; Piotr Skarga Association of Christian Culture; All-Poland Youth; football fans of two Cracovian clubs; Roman-Catholic Church; the state; mass media. The final part contains in the analysis of the events within several different theoretical contexts: the concepts of homosexuality, gender, nationalism and globalization. Concluding remarks elaborate on the character of Polish civil society which is still a holistic ethical monolith rather than a liberal arena for discussion. The gay and lesbian movement is the most spectacular force that tries to change the situation.
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REPRESENTATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERDEPENDENCE IN MALES' AND FEMALES' EXPECTATIONS OF HIERARCHY AND COMPETITION

63%
Kusa D.
Studia Psychologica
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2010
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vol. 52
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issue 3
193-205
EN
The study is focused on cognitive representations of a hierarchical and competitive world in male and female expectations. Framed by social cognitive views of psychological interdependence (Deutsch, 1985), four measures served to assess representations of the social world: hierarchy, competition, trust in others and positive reciprocity. Target phenomena were investigated by comparisons of gender groups and in relation to gender self-concept. An analysis showed a) balanced rather than polarized expectations across all four measures of social world in both males and females; b) highly significant gender differences in the expectations of competition and positive reciprocity; c) females' expectations to be more differentiated than males' expectations; d) gender self-concept to be of marginal influence upon male and female interpersonal expectations. The findings are discussed in the context of experimental studies and non-schematic views of hierarchy and competition.
15
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SOCIALIZATION INTO GENDER AS A FACTOR OF MARGINALIZATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF EDUCATIONAL POSSIBLITIES (Socjalizacja w plec kulturowa jako czynnik róznicowania mozliwosci edukacyjnych i marginalizacji)

51%
Kluczynska U.
Rocznik Lubuski
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2008
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vol. 34
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issue 1
133-151
EN
Nowadays the concept of gender is analysed more often and more widely. Studies on gender touch upon various aspects which have previously been neglected or trifled. Gender is decoded in relation to as well as through many relationships and phenomena including education. It can be suggested that school reduces gender to its biological aspect or, to be more precise, does not go beyond biological differentiation trifling the social description of differences. Femininity and masculinity in our culture are perceived and defined by a dichotomic division. During their lives individuals realise that this gender binarism is a major feature diversifying people, neglecting other more important factors (e.g., habitus). This category of division makes individuals go through the process of socialisation in a specific way dependent on their gender. During this process an individual is socialized into a given gender; moreover, gender stereotypes become reinforced. School is an institution strengthening gender stereotypes (mainly in a hidden curriculum). This is due mainly to expectations towards abilities and skills connected with gender - girls are expected to be conscientious, to have humanistic abilities and a high level of verbalization. Boys, in turn, are expected to have predispositions to the sciences. Such expectations result in the marginalization of girls/women in subjects, skills and occupations defined as masculine. This phenomenon is a result of two factors: firstly, the mechanism of the internalization of expectations and the diminishing of abilities performed by the girls themselves, and, secondly, the attitude of teachers, who influence and shape their students' educational choices via their expectations and by using gender stereotypes connected with skills and abilities.
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CZECH AND SLOVAK CULTURAL DIMENSIONS AND ADVERTISING (Ceske a slovenske kulturni dimenze a reklama)

51%
Svetlik J.
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 2
52-65
EN
The article covers the attitude to advertising as the most dominant tool of marketing communication. Advertising National culture is one of the frequent topics of professional discussions on advertising in the sphere of international advertising, most of all in terms of standardization, adaptation and localization of advertising. Probably the best known model which describes the divergences of national cultures is the model of cultural dimensions of the Dutch academic Geert Hofstede. In the first part of this paper the author describes four out of five cultural dimensions including their application in the field of marketing communication. Subsequently the results of large surveys through VSM 94 questionnaire in the Czech (Svetlík) and Slovak republic (Gecikova) are presented and the final data are compared with selected EU countries and the USA. On the basis of Kogut's methodology and established data the cultural distance of both countries was calculated and compared with other countries of the EU. The results show that people from the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic are in comparison with other EU countries very close to each other from the point of cultural distance. In the third part of the paper there are possible recommendations for the cluster of these two countries presented particularly in advertising appeals, forms and execution of advertising. The author pointed out that the product category and features of the target group have a very strong influence on selection of advertising strategy components.
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