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ARCHAEOLOGY AS THE AVANT-GARDE OF THE SCIENCES. ON THE FORM OF CALIBRATED 14C DATES

100%
Walanus M.
Archeologia Polski
|
2005
|
vol. 50
|
issue 1-2
129-133
EN
Radiocarbon dating is a typical example of physical measurement applied in archaeology. As in all measurements, the important thing is the random factor of measurement error. The error is determined by Gaussian probability distribution applied to the actual age of a sample (which while determined, remains unknown). This situation, which is typical of the natural sciences, physics and technology, is easy and even banal compared to what archaeologists had to face once calibration was introduced in the radiocarbon method. Presently, the complexity of the probability distribution of the actual age of the sample (already the ordinary calendar age) matches that of the form of the so-called calibration curve. It is not by accident that advanced methods of strict taking into account of a priori uncertain information, based on Bayes' theorem, have found application in archaeology. Inferences made with the benefit of high mathematical discipline make it possible to interpret as fully as possible the information contained in a calibrated date. Yet the information provided in a date hardly warrants the complicated form of the probability distribution of a calibrated age, so often cited in extenso in archaeological research. At this point matters take on a difficult turn. Computer programs for calibrating radiocarbon dates present the range of estimation in which the actual age of the sample falls with the set probability. There are two probabilities in use: 0.68 and 0.95. Archaeologists are recommended to make use of the effect of the dating in the simplest form possible: as a range corresponding to the 0.95 probability, with the assumption that it is a continuous range uninterrupted by sections of slightly lower probability values. Assuming ideal sampling and laboratory measurement conditions, it will still give an average of one date in twenty that will fall outside the given range (which, of course, we shall never be aware of).
2
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NON-RESPONSE BIAS IN CROSS-NATIONAL SURVEYS: DESIGNS FOR DETECTION AND ADJUSTMENT IN THE ESS

100%
Billiet J., Matsuo H., Beullens K., Vehovar V.
ASK. Research and Methods
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2009
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vol. 18
|
issue 1
3-43
EN
This paper is focused on process and output aspects of the obtained sample and deals with the measurement of non-response, and the study of non-response bias from a viewpoint of comparative research in which the concept of 'equivalence' in measurement is central (Jowell et al., 2007). The paper starts with a theoretical reflection on several designs for the detection of non-response bias: comparing sample statistics with population statistics; using information from reluctant respondents based on converted refusals; asking a small set of crucial questions at occasion of first contact (and refusal) or in a period after the main survey, and collecting observed information of the house and neighbourhood of the sampling units. Each of these methods are used in the past three round of ESS, but only the first and second approaches are fully documented for Rounds 1 and 2 till now. Problems related to each of these methods are considered, and the application of each of the procedures is (empirically) evaluated using information of past ESS surveys as far as the data are available. Methods that can be used for data based adjustment of the sample measures are considered.
3

CONDUCTING RESEARCH ONLINE - PRINCIPAL METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

75%
Batorski D., Olcon-Kubicka M.
Studia Socjologiczne
|
2006
|
issue 3(182)
90-132
EN
With the widespread Internet access and increased importance of this medium in everyday life, the web also becomes more and more vital tool in conducting social and psychological research. The Internet research might be conducted by using many different metods: from interviews and focus groups, through questionnaires and experiments to data bases. The topis of research online might concern many different issues, nort necessarily related to the Internet itself. The article discusses possibilities related to conductiong Internet research by presenting various methods and advantages of online research. However, the main part shows and discusses the basic problems and challenges of using online research. The authors point to the issues which should be considered in order to ensure the quality of social science methodology and suggest how to handle different sources of errors. In the first place, problems related to the response rate will be presented, such as motivation to participate in the research, non-response errors, and dropouts. The next part of the article identifies problems related to the measurement error as a result of non-standarized situation, different skills of respondents nature od computer-madiated communication and technical obstacles. The final part presents ethical aspects of conducting research online and discussed situation of a respondent on the Internet and possibilities of using the Internet content.
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