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1

Understanding dog's mind: possibilities and limits. Novel details of a case study

100%
Topal J., Miklosi A., Manyik R.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2004
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vol. 59
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issue 4
521-536
EN
In the last few years a handful of investigations have argued the hypothesis that in the course of adaptation to human environment (domestication), dogs were subjected to behaviour evolutionary changes. Many have assumed, that the shared adaptational demands could result in similar evolutionary changes, and therefore, behaviour analogies in man and dog. We suggest that this approach gives a new possibility to conduct comparative studies aimed to understand human behavioural mechanisms. In the framework of investigations for the evolutionary convergencies between man and dog our research team have been conducting a longitudinal case study on a single dog (Philip) with the aim of getting a more sophisticated insight into the cognitive functioning of the dog's mind. This research in social cognition is interested in how challenges of social living have formed the cognitive structures that control behaviours involved in communication, social learning and social understanding (mind-reading). The paradigmatic element of our experimental approach is that we observe and analyse Philip's behaviour in problem solving tasks embedded in everyday situations while interacting with family members. Although some of the results of this case study have been published earlier (Miklósi, Topál, 2001) here we show further details on Philip's mind-reading abilities. Our experiment was designed to study the dog's ability to recognize knowledge or ignorance in others. The procedure used here was identical to that used in an ape-study (Gomez, Teixidor, 1992) and therefore gives a possibility for the direct dog-ape comparison regarding their performance. Results show that similarly to that found in an 'encultured' orangutan, after few trials Philip was able to adjust his communicative behaviour to the state of knowledge of his human partner and performed successful cooperation in the problem solving task (getting the ball). We should note, however, that the exact mechanism of this sophisticated communicative behaviour is still not cleared up and from a mentalistic viewpoint both low- and high-level explanations (from simple associative learning to fully developed mind-reading) should be considered.
2

MINDREADING AND EMPATHY AS PREDICTORS OF PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

88%
Čavojová V., Belovičová Z., Sirota M.
Studia Psychologica
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2011
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vol. 53
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issue 4
351 – 362
EN
Social understanding is usually conceptualized as consisting of understanding emotions (i.e., empathy) and understanding the other’s mental states (i.e., theory of mind or mindreading). Both these aspects of social understanding are hypothesized to be related to pro-social orientation. Therefore, the purpose of the presented study is to examine whether theory of mind or empathy is the stronger predictor of pro-social orientation. As a secondary aim, the authors also explored the question of gender differences as an important differentiating factor in both theory of mind and empathy. 197 preadolescents aged 11 to 15 participated in the study. Participants filled out two tests of theory of mind skills, three empathy questionnaires and the pro-social orientation was determined by peer-nominated questionnaire. The results corroborated the idea that the higher the social understanding, the higher the pro-social orientation. Moreover, theory of mind predicted pro-social behaviour better than empathy. Girls outperformed boys in both empathy and mindreading measures. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
3

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF MIND-READING BELIEF SCALE ON AN ITALIAN SAMPLE AND CORRELATION WITH THE SELF-CONSTRUAL

88%
Sangiuliano Intra F., Tagliabue S., Di Dio C., Marchetti A., Massaro D.
Studia Psychologica
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2018
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vol. 60
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issue 2
94 – 107
EN
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the lifespan developing ability to attribute mental states. This ability enables the individual to predict and interpret one’s own and others’ behaviour. In this respect, beliefs about one’s own capacity to attribute mental states represent a fundamental component of this construct. The present study aims to compare the unidimensional structure of the Mind-reading Belief Scale, evaluating beliefs about personal ToM skills, with an alternative two-factor model, which could better explain the latent structure of the scale outlining the relational nature of the construct through the articulation self-other. Moreover, the relations with self-construal, as a pivotal element for subjective differentiation, were also investigated. Our data support the two-factor model as a better structuring of the pool of original items. Finally, the correlations found with self-construal scales indicate that self-construal is involved in defining beliefs about one’s own meta-representational skills.
4

PSYCHOMETRIC EVALUATION OF THE ‘READING THE MIND IN THE EYES’ TEST WITH SAMPLES OF DIFFERENT AGES FROM A POLISH POPULATION

75%
Jankowiak-Siuda K., Baron-Cohen S., Białaszek W., Dopierała A., Kozłowska A., Rymarczyk K.
Studia Psychologica
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2016
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vol. 58
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issue 1
18 – 31
EN
The ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test (RMET) is a test of a Theory of Mind, i.e., the ability to infer the states of minds of other people. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a Polish adaptation of the RMET. The sample consisted of 447 participants, aged 18-85. The internal consistency of the RMET was 0.668; the upper confidence interval was 0.718. The score in the Polish version of the RMET was positively correlated with the English version. Test-retest stability was acceptable, with ICC = 0.886. The correlation of RMET and the cognitive empathy measure confirms the theoretical assumptions. There were significant gender differences in RMET scores: women had higher scores than men. Elderly groups of participants differ statistically from younger groups of participants in the RMET. The Polish version of the RMET showed satisfactory psychometric parameters, comparable to those of the original version.
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