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1

MORALITY. Values AND VALUES

100%
Cackowski Z.
Edukacja Filozoficzna
|
2005
|
issue 39
23-32
EN
Morality is the highest idea and dream: (1) on unconditional (i.e. moral) value of the human life or of his right to live the very human life; (2) on equality of all human beings and (3) on voluntary (liberty) in human creative activity. This idea/dream is being cultivated in real world, which strongly limits this dream in all three points.
2

K JEDNÉMU POKUSU O EVOLUČNÉ VYSVETLENIE MORÁLKY

80%
Spodniak S.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2020
|
vol. 75
|
issue 7
584 – 595
EN
The aim of the paper is to critically analyse one of the many attempts to explain the origin of our morality using evolutionary theory. Specifically, this paper deals with an anthropological theory presented by Curry, Mullins and Whitehouse in which they predict existence of seven universal moral patterns. They assume that these patterns and morality as such are a biological and cultural response to a need to establish cooperation in human societies. Several weaknesses of their moral theory are pointed out with the conclusion that their theory may be able to explain why it is advantageous with respect to natural selection to prefer certain behaviour, but not why we attribute moral evaluations to a given behaviour. Therefore, their theory does not provide a reason to regard moral elements analysed in the paper as evolutionarily acquired adaptations.
3

NIEKTORÉ EVOLUČNÉ POHĽADY NA SOCIÁLNE A MORÁLNE NORMY

80%
Popper M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2009
|
vol. 64
|
issue 7
634-645
EN
The paper sheds light on different approaches to normativity and on current tendencies to consider social and moral norms from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. The main objective of the paper is to show the similarities as well as differences between social and moral norms. Further, the author argues, that the different characteristics, such as the influence of an external authority, the role of emotions and the role of conscious and subconscious judgments are not qualitative, but rather quantitative. Although the moral norms are more universal and breaking them involves more emotions, the role of the social context is as important as with social norms.
4

ZAKOTVENIE ETIKY V PRIRODZENOM ZÁKONE PODĽA JÁNA DUNSA SCOTA

70%
Chabada M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2008
|
vol. 63
|
issue 3
240-251
EN
Duns Scotus argues that the will has a bent for the pleasant, by the help of which the humans want to reach some benefits for them, as well as a bent for justice, on the ground of which humans are able to love independently of their own benefits. It is the objective justice, which establishes the moral good of a practical act. The moral good is in full accordance with the true judgment of reason, which sets the necessary conditions for a morally good action. According to Duns Scotus there are two kinds of the moral norms, whose validity and obligation can be known naturally. The first kind is equal to natural law in the strict sense of the word. Its truth results from the formal contents of the concepts. The second kind is equal to natural law in the full sense of the word, i.e. to the norms of human relationships and the relationships of men to themselves. These norms can be syllogistically deduced from the first practical principles.
5

ETNOLOGICKÝ VÝSKUM HODNOTOVÝCH ORIENTÁCIÍ V OBDOBÍ 70. A 80. ROKOV 20. STOROČIA - VÝSLEDKY A LIMITÁCIE

70%
Ratica D.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2006
|
vol. 13
|
issue 2
179-187
EN
The article deals with the ethnological research of the value orientations during the 1970s and 1980s in Slovakia, which presented one of the first attempts to overstep the limitations of the prevailing descriptive approach. The author discusses the contents of the contemporary scientific essays in the context of the methodological inspirations, definitions of the main concepts, traditional morality, value hierarchy etc. Despite the fact that the study of the value orientations in the period of the communist totalitarian regime was limited by the methodological asymmetry and by the censorship or auto-censorship, the empirical - and also partly general - aspect of the contemporary scientific works remains. This fact enabled the continuation of some aspects of the retrospective and recent research of the values and the value orientations in the new democratic conditions during the 1990s.
6

STUDIES OF POLES' ATTITUDES TOWARDS MARITAL-FAMILIAL MORALITY (Badania postaw Polakow wobec moralnosci malzensko-rodzinnej)

61%
Dudziak U.
|
2011
|
vol. 10
|
issue 3(58)
39-53
EN
Marital and parental love, as significant values both for particular individuals and for the whole society, require special protection. It is ensured by moral norms, and especially by: premarital chastity, marital fidelity, indissolubility of marriage, and parental responsibility connected with opposition to abortion and contraception. In numerous studies devoted to the attitudes towards marital-familial morality it turns out, however, that a considerable part of the respondents do not accept these norms. This is significant information for pastoral theologians, educationalists, family life counselors and pastors, because the efficiency of the efforts they make requires a diagnosis of the reality they encounter. And the diagnosis, as appears from the empirical research, should incline one not only to make careful educational, but also prophylactic, preventive and re-educational efforts.
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