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Maroboduus Romanorum una hostis et amicus

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Olędzki M.

In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką

2018

vol. 12

39-47

Postać Marboda ze wszystkich znanych nam władców swebskich jest najlepiej zarysowana przez historiografię, jemu też poświęcono współcześnie największą liczbę opracowań. Za młodu Marbod przebywał w Rzymie, gdzie zaskarbił sobie łaski i protekcję samego Augusta. Około roku 8 p.n.e. Rzymianie pomogli mu objąć panowanie nad Markomanami i Kwadami i zapewne wtedy odgrywał on rolę władcy klientelnego względem Cesarstwa . Wkrótce jednak zaczął samodzielne rządy, podbił lub zhołdował większość plemion środkowoeuropejskich, np . Lugiów (Lugiorum nomen), Gotów (?), Longobardów i Semnonów, i z ich pomocą stworzył potężne imperium sięgające od środkowego Dunaju po ujście Łaby i wybrzeże Bałtyku. To doprowadziło do rychłego konfliktu z Rzymem. Punkt kulminacyjny stanowił rok 6 n.e., kiedy Rzymianie podjęli kroki w celu zniszczenia marbodowego władztwa. Uratowały Marboda niepowodzenia Rzymian na innych frontach: np . pannońsko-iliryjskim, a w szczególności klęska Warusa w Lesie Teutoburskim (rok 9). Pomimo to ów moment wyznacza zarazem początek końca markomańskiego króla, który traci dotychczasową charyzmę na rzecz Arminiusza, okrzykniętego „oswobodzicielem” świata germańskiego. Do konfrontacji z tym ostatnim dochodzi w roku 17 n .e ., w wyniku czego Marbod ponosi porażkę i całkowicie traci polityczne znaczenie . Na domiar złego atakuje go i pozbawia tronu zbuntowany arystokrata markomański – Katualda. Finałem kariery niegdyś potężnego władcy jest ofiarowany mu przez Rzymian azyl w Rawennie, w której – jak mówi Tacyt – dożywa sędziwego wieku.

Of all Suebian rulers known to us, the figure of Marbod has been best described by historiography and it is to him that the greatest number of works have been devoted . Marbod stayed in Rome in his youth and it was there that he won friendship, favours and protection from Augustus himself . About the year 8 B .C . Romans helped him to gain power and rule over Marcomanii and Quadi . It was probably at that time that he performed the role of the client ruler in the face of the Empire . However, he began to rule independently soon after that . He conquered the majority of middle European tribes and made them pay tribute to him . Those tribes, for example the Lugii (Lugiorum nomen), Goths, Longobardii and Semnones helped Marbod to create a powerful empire spreading from the middle Danube to the mouth of Elbe and to the coast of the Baltic sea . This fact led to the rapid conflict with Rome, the culminating point of which was the year 6th A .D . when Romans took steps in order to annihilate Marbod’s rule and power . Marbod was saved by the failures of the Romans in other frontlines; for instance in Pannonia, Illiria and, especially, by defeat of Varus in the Teutoburg Forest (year 9) . However, that moment marks also the beginning of the end of the Marcomanian king losing his hitherto charisma in favour of Arminius, proclaimed “liberator” of the germanic world . The confrontation with the latter took place in the year 17 A .D . and it resulted in the defeat of Marbod who completely lost his political significance . To make matters worse, he was attacked and deprived of the throne by a rebellious Marcomanian aristocrat – Catualda . The ending of the career of the once powerful ruler was, offered to him by Romans, the asylum in Ravenna, where, as Tacitus said, he (Marbod) lived to the old age .

Kim są „superiores barbari” w Vita Marci Antonini (14.1)?

80%

Malinowski G.

Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis

2023

vol. 8

75-91

The phrase Profecti tamen sunt paludati ambo imperatores et Victualis et Marcomannis cuncta turbantibus, aliis etiam gentibus, quae pulsae a superioribus barbaris fugerant, nisi reciperentur, bellum inferentibus was translated by David Magie in the Loeb Classical Library series as “Clad in the military cloak the two emperors finally set forth, for now not only were the Victuali and Marcomanni throwing everything into confusion, but other tribes, who had been driven on by the more distant barbarians and had retreated before them, were ready to attack Italy if not peaceably received.” The term “by the more distant barbarians” follows the interpretation of the words pulsae a superioribus barbaris adopted by Guillaume de Moulines in his 1783 French translation. A similar line of interpretation with an additional indication of the distant north was also proposed by Karl Mannert in 1792. This unrest was supposed to have translated into the general agitation of the Germanic peoples of the Danube limes, contributing to the launching of attacks on the Roman side of the Danube River. A semantic analysis of the adjective superior, however, indicates that it does not mean further away, let alone from the distant north, but only: higher in position, upper, i.e. in the case of ethnic names it refers either to certain barbarians having the upper hand over others, or to the barbarians mentioned above in the source text. Consequently, the superiores barbari that appear in the sentence do not have much to do with the Polish lands, as it is probably precisely the Victuals of the Dacian section of the limes and the Marcomanni of the Pannonian section who took the upper hand over other barbarians in their regions close to the Danube.

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1 In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką

1 Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis

1 Malinowski G.

1 Olędzki M.

1 2023

1 2018

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Maroboduus Romanorum una hostis et amicus

Kim są „superiores barbari” w Vita Marci Antonini (14.1)?