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Low-level motor inhibition in children: Evidence from the negative compatibility effect

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Schlaghecken F., Sisman R.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

2006

vol. 2

issue 1

7-19

The masked prime task was used to investigate low-level inhibitory motor control processes in two groups of children (7-8 years and 11-12 years) and in older adolescents/young adults (16-23 years). Masked prime stimuli, presented below the level of conscious awareness, systematically affected reaction times (RTs) to subsequent supraliminal target stimuli: RTs were longer when prime and target were mapped to the same response than when they were mapped to different responses. This negative compatibility effect did not differ significantly between age groups, consistent with the hypothesis that the underlying low-level inhibition processes are already fully developed in children as young as seven years of age. In contrast, performance differences between response repetition and response alternation trials were significantly larger in children, consistent with the hypothesis that higher-level control processes are less effective in children. Results provide converging evidence that whereas the latter processes are mediated by late-maturing (prefrontal cortical) areas, the former processes are mediated by earlier-maturing (possibly subcortical) structures.

Priming from novel masked stimuli depends on target set size

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Kiesel A., Kunde W., Pohl C., Hoffmann J.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

2006

vol. 2

issue 1

37-45

When objects denoted by target words are classified as belonging to a certain category (e.g., to be either small or large) responding is faster when the target word is preceded by a masked prime word belonging to the same rather than a different category. Recently, there has been some controversy on whether such masked priming effects are confined to primes that are practised as targets as well, or whether they transfer to other novel prime words. We report data which show that the transfer of unconscious priming to unpractised stimuli depends on the size of the target set. Priming does transfer to novel (unpractised) primes with a large target set (40 different target words), whereas no transfer to novel primes occurs with a small target set (4 different target words). We conclude that the size and structure of the target set crucially determine the way participants handle a task and thus, determine how unconscious stimuli are processed.

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2 Advances in Cognitive Psychology

1 Hoffmann J.

1 Kiesel A.

1 Kunde W.

1 Pohl C.

1 Schlaghecken F.

1 Sisman R.

2 2006

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Low-level motor inhibition in children: Evidence from the negative compatibility effect

Priming from novel masked stimuli depends on target set size