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The Main Problems in the Relations Between the European Union and Turkey

100%
Chelidze G., Machitidze E.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2021
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vol. 25
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issue 2
153-169
EN
This paper depicts the dynamics of the EU-Turkey relations beginning from the signing of the association agreement, i.e. the Ankara contract, to date. In addition, it aims to specify the factors preventing the bilateral collaboration and achievement of EU membership as aspired to by Ankara. The paper focuses on both the internal and international problems arising on Turkey's path to EU membership, namely, the westernisation trend originating from Kemal Ataturk times, recent developments in Turkey, the democratisation of political institutions, the rule of law and protection of human rights, regional security, Turkey's part in the refugee crisis, visafree travel, Greek-Turkey relationships, Ankara's stance towards Cyprus, the Kurdish problem, and the Turkey-US and Turkey-Russia relationships. The authors discuss the EU Member States' attitude towards the political and socio-economic developments in Turkey and the way Ankara looks at the requirements put forward by those Member States. We suggest several methods of rapprochement and brighter bilateral prospects.
2
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ACCESSION TO THE WTO. CASE: THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

75%
Żołądkiewicz K.
International Journal of Emerging and Transition Economies (IJETE)
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2010
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vol. 3
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issue 1
79-92
EN
The purpose of the paper is to discuss process and procedures of WTO accession in the context of universal membership. This is done by looking at the experience of the Russian Federation (Russia). With a notable exception of the Russian Federation, all major trading nations are WTO members. One of the challenges confronting WTO will be to manage the process of integrating Russia and other acceding countries into the trading system. It could be reasonable to ask why the WTO accession process takes so long and is inherently time consuming, despite the fact that it is complex due to the requirements that need to be met. This article identifies the weak points in the accession process and makes some recommendations.
3
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Resignation from Supervisory Board’s membership by one of its members – legal effects and legal interest related to determination of such resignation’s invalidity

75%
Malarewicz-Jakubów A. B.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
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2020
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issue 4
63-79
PL
Przepisy kodeksu spółek handlowych (art. 385 K.s.h.) określają minimalną liczbę członków rady nadzorczej – co najmniej trzech, a w spółkach publicznych co najmniej pięciu członków. Problem powstaje, gdy przy minimalnej liczbie członków tego organu jeden z nich złoży oświadczenie o rezygnacji z członkostwa w radzie nadzorczej spółki. Tym samym rada nadzorcza spółki od momentu złożenia takiego oświadczenia składa się zaledwie z dwóch członków, tj. poniżej wymaganego minimum składu osobowego, co skutkuje niemożnością podejmowania przez nią działań. Przedmiotem artykułu są rozważania dotyczące rezygnacji członka rady nadzorczej z pełnienia w niej funkcji oraz określenia, czy spółka z o.o. posiada –na podstawie art. 189 K.p.c. – interes prawny w ustaleniu nieważności oświadczenia członka rady nadzorczej o rezygnacji z członkostwa w tej radzie. Dodatkowo analizowane są skutki prawne złożenia oświadczenia o rezygnacji z pełnienia funkcji w radzie nadzorczej spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością przez jednego z jej członków.
EN
According to the provisions of the Code of Commercial Companies (i.e. Art. 385), Supervisory Board must be composed of at least three members and, with regard to public law companies, five members. The problem occurs when the above-mentioned entity is composed of a minimum number of members and one of them makes a statement on his resignation from Supervisory Board’s membership. Hence, the company’s Supervisory Board is composed of merely two members from the moment such a statement has been made, i.e. it is unable to undertake actions. The article considers the issue of resignation from Supervisory Board’s membership. Additionally, the author attempts to determine herein whether under Art. 189 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP), a limited liability company (LLC) [spółka z o.o.] has a legal interest to determine invalidity of the statement made by Supervisory Board’s member on his membership resignation. I also analyse legal effects of the statement on resignation from Limited Liability Company Supervisory Board’s membership made by one of its members.
4
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Odpadnutie od spoločenstva s Katolíckou cirkvou formálnym úkonom

63%
Vladár V.
Studia theologica
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2017
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vol. 2
125-150
EN
Issues concerning leaving the Catholic Church are still very much current at this time, especially in European states with an instituted Church tax. Assuming the characters of the formal act of defection from the Catholic Church are met, individual legal effects connected with such acts are also in the area of marriage law, which represented the exception from the established principle of "once a Catholic, always a Catholic". These questions also, due to the vagueness of the legal definition of this institution, infringed on the principle of legal certainty in a number of aspects. The universal lawgiver proceeded on this account to its specification in 2006, with this also being reflected by the rules of particular canon law, and in 2010 to its abrogation. When considering leaving the Catholic Church, the numbers did not decrease drastically in the majority of countries. Regardless of the name of the given institution, a Catholic does not stop being a member of the Church and is henceforth bound by its rules, according to the theological and doctrinal conclusions, as well as the valid canon-law regulations. The main goal of this article is to define the basic concepts, point out the various controversies connected with the application of the institution of the formal act of defection and the coherent legislative changes, including their impact on particular Church practice.
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