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Neuroteologie ve vztahu k teologii a religionistice

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EN
Theology and religious studies have been draw to the context of the natural sciences since the beginning of the twentieth century at the latest. The natural sciences in general and neuroscience in particular, seek to answer the question of the origin and nature of the religious phenomenon apart from the theology and religious studies. Andrew Newberg defined the field of neurotheology and due to his definition presented neurotheology as a partner for theology and religion. The article deals with the method of neurotheology and with its relation to theology and religious studies.
EN
Nowadays, it seems that all disciplines have to pretend being “scientific” in order to ensure their credibility. But the “social sciences”, which aim at a better knowledge of the Human regarding what makes him its own kind, are they really sciences? Pretending to be so, do they not expose themselves to be qualified as “non-scientific” by the most critical minds in their time, just as did Karl Popper about psychoanalyses and theses on the psychological selfishness? In turn, is it possible to pretend that the “social sciences” are not sciences while stating that their dignity requires them to ask for another paradigm, a much more subtle one? The present contribution will try to answer to these questions. It will start with the proposal to replace the inappropriate name of “social sciences” by another one, much more respectful of the methods which should be theirs, which would be “disciplines of the subject”.
EN
One of the most important problems of philosophy is the “critical problem”, the problem of bridge between the human mind and the world, the external reality. It is the question of relations between the subject and the object. The interesting solution for this problem is given by Bernard Lonergan SJ (1904–1984), one of the most important Catholic English-speaking thinkers of the twentieth century. It would be difficult to point to someone who influenced the American Catholic philosophy and theology from the inside out more than he did: that is why he is called the “American Rahner „. He tries to connect the great tradition of Thomism and Augustinianism and, on the other hand, classical and modern philosophy, German idealism and English Empiricism. At the heart of his thinking is the theory of the human mind. With the help of transcendental and phenomenological methods, Lonergan demonstrates that the mental structure of man consists of five levels: the empirical level, the intellectual level, the rational level, the responsible level and the level of religious experience, which together create a cumulative process that leads to knowledge and decision. The most important point here is he act of understanding, the insight, which always has a creative moment, especially on the second and third levels, as an effect of the subject’s work. The correct understanding of this moment enables a mediation between the empirical, rational and idealistic understanding of the knowledge process. Correct action on all levels, faithfulness to the nature of the subject, leads to truth – according to Lonergan’s very apt maxim: objectivity is the fruit of the authentic subjectivity.
EN
On the “Dialogue” between Medieval (and Early Humanistic) Chroniclers: The example of the Old Czech chronicle Martimiani: In this article, we explore the possibility to reconstruct medieval thinking of chroniclers. In particular, we focus on the Old Czech translation of so-called Martimiani Chronicle (also called The Roman Chronicle, Chronicle of Emperors and Popes or Chronicle by Beneš from Hořovice), whose Czech translation probably dates to the 15th century. We compare preserved manuscripts and the incunabula mutually while also considering the foreign source texts (German chronicle by Jacob Twinger von Königshofen and Latin Cronica summorum pontificum imperatorumque ac septem etatibus mundi by Martinus Polonus). The resulting textual differences can be most likely seen as products of an imaginative dialogue between the two chroniclers that we describe, sort and explain in the light of the historical circumstances. In addition, we disclose the intertextual relations between Old Czech Martimiani Chronicle and later chronicles (e. g. Václav Hájek’s Kronika česká).
EN
The aim of the paper is to introduce the authors’ selection of innovative methods and aspects, that were considered during the selection process. Fact, that demand for innovation and their management lately increases and at the same time knowledge of the methods for innovations management is usually not sufficient, was the main initiative for analysis and selection of innovative methods. When choosing the methods the creativity support and systematic support of each method were considered. The set of thirty-four passported innovative methods including their brief characteristics is the result.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie autorskiego zbioru metod sprzyjających innowacyjności oraz ukazanie aspektów, branych pod uwagę w procesie ich doboru. W obecnej sytuacji gospodarczej innowacyjność i zarządzanie innowacjami zyskują dynamicznie na znaczeniu, podczas gdy wiedza dotycząca metod wspierania innowacyjności jest niewystarczająca. Stało się to podstawą do analizy oraz wyboru (wskazania) metod sprzyjających innowacyjności. Wybierając je, zwrócono szczególną uwagę na zagadnienia wsparcia kreatywności oraz wsparcia systematycznego, charakterystycznych dla każdej metody. Zbiór 34 rekomendowanych metod, wspierających innowacyjność wraz z ich charakterystyką to główny wynik przeprowadzonych badań.
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PL
Przedmiotem referatu jest szerzenie oświaty demograficznej, a w konsekwencji – tworzenie rynku na usługi demograficzne w samorządach terytorialnych. Dziś prognozy ludnościowe, nawet alarmistyczne, nie pomagają w podejmowaniu decyzji, bo nie są zaadresowane. Burmistrz, starosta czy marszałek nie wie, jak on, samorządowiec, może spożytkować sygnały demograficzne, które codziennie poprzez media doń docierają. Potrzebna jest metoda, a pierwszym wymaganiem, stawianym ofercie demografów dla samorządu, musi być adres; drugim… prostota. Żadnych trudnych wyrazów ani obliczeń. To ma działać samo. Autor – jako ówczesny wiceprezydent Gliwic, odpowiedzialny za sprawy edukacyjne i społeczne – opracował taką metodę w 1998 r. Co roku publikował lokalne raporty demograficzne, a obecnie przedstawia podsumowanie 15 lat stosowania metody z nadzieją, że wyniki, jakie dzięki tej metodzie osiągnęły Gliwice, zachęcą również inne samorządy. Te wyniki to decyzje, podejmowane na podstawie dokładnego prognozowania społecznych skutków zmiany struktury wieku. Np. głęboka restrukturyzacja szkolnictwa odbywała się w warunkach spokoju społecznego, bo nawet drastyczne zmiany (likwidacja wielu szkół) były wcześniej zapowiadane i zrozumiale uzasadniane. Dobrą kondycję finansową Gliwice zawdzięczają m.in. temu, że w mieście nie kumulowały się problemy i koszty utrzymywania zbędnych obiektów. Błędem z kolei było mniemanie, że na zjawiska demograficzne samorząd ma wpływ taki jak na meteorologiczne, co stymulowało działania raczej reaktywne niż proaktywne.
EN
The subject of this paper is to spread demographic education and, consequently, creation of a market for demographic services among local governments. Nowadays the population projections, even if alarming, do not help to make a decision because they are not directed to anyone. A member of the local government, the mayor, the governor or the marshal does not know how he may utilize demographic signals that everyday reach him by mass-media. What is needed is a method, and the first requirement fom the local governments for demographers’ offer must be the direct address; second would be the simplicity. No harsh words or calculations. It is to act itself. While taking responsibility as the Vice President of Gliwice especially in educational and social issues, the author has developed such a method in 1998. He used to publish local demographic reports every year and currently he presents a summary of 15 years of the method application hoping that the results that we have achieved through this method in Gliwice would encourage other local governments. These results are the effects of decisions taken on the basis of accurate projecting social effects of changes in the age structure. For example, a deep restructuring of the education has been accompanied by social acceptance, because even drastic changes (elimination of many schools) were previously publicly announced and clearly justified. Good financial condition in Gliwice is, among other, the result of the fact that the city is not accumulating problems and the costs of maintaining unnecessary objects. On the other side, the mistake was the conviction that the government’s influence on demography is such as on the weather, which stimulated the passive attitude rather than active.
EN
This paper focuses on bringing of the Stanislavsky system to the United States by emigrants, who belonged to various troupes, in three different waves of emigration, as well as on the work of the first generation of American teachers of acting inspired by the practices that the aforementioned emigrants passed on to American students in the first half of the 20th century. In this study, the author summarises both well-known facts (such as the work of the American Laboratory Theatre and Group Theatre) and lesser-known paths of transmission through the acting studios or schools founded and owned by individual educators. The article stresses the influence of Vakhtangov, especially the late phase of his theatre research, and points out to the main problem with the American tradition of the reception of Stanislavsky's teachings, that is the emphasis on the use of emotional memory, which was mainly promoted by Lee Strasberg as a specific kind of exercise.
CS
Studie se zaměřuje na přenesení Stanislavského systému do Spojených států prostřednictvím emigrantů z různých souborů a tří emigračních vln a na působení první generace amerických hereckých pedagogů inspirovaných postupy, které emigranti v první polovině 20. století americkým studentům předávali. Autor ve studii shrnuje jak fakta, která jsou dobře známa (například působení American Laboratory Theatre či Group Theatre), tak méně známé linie přenosu formou působení jednotlivých pedagogů, kteří zakládali vlastní herecká studia či školy. Akcentuje vliv Vachtangova, především pozdní fáze jeho divadelních výzkumů, a hlavní problematický moment americké tradice v linii Stanislavského, a sice důraz na užívání emocionální paměti, kterou jako zvláštní druh cvičení prosazoval hlavně Lee Strasberg.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę oceny, czy perspektywa pojmowania kompleksowości, którą przyjęli Edgar Morin i Jean-Louis Le Moigne, ujmuje krytyczność stanowiącą centralną cechę Głębokiej Kompleksowości. Na początku artykułu analizie poddano poglądy Morina na temat kompleksowości i symplifikacji. W dalszej kolejności opisano intelektualne powinowactwo między autorem artykułu i jego paradygmatem Głębokiej Kompleksowości a twórczością Morina. i Następnie dokonano wielowymiarowego, krytycznego porównania założeń konstytutywnych dla jego Metody z pod-I stawami paradygmatów kompleksowości oraz Głębokiej Kompleksowości. W kolejnej części artykułu opisano dorobek Le Moigne'a w zakresie modelowania systemów kompleksowych i jego wpływ na badania nad kompleksowością. W uwagach końcowych przedstawiono ocenę wkładu badań prowadzonych przez Morina i Le Moigne'a do rozważań nad kompleksowością.
EN
The article is an attempt to determine whether the perspective of understanding complexity adopted by Edgar Morin and Jean-Louis Le Moigne involves criticality that constitutes the central tenet of Deep Complexity. First, Edgar Morin's views on complexity and simplification are presented and then the intellectual affinity between the author of the article, his paradigm of Deep Complexity and E. Morin's work are discussed. Subsequently, the author offers a multidimensional, critical comparison of the constitutive principles of Morin's Method with the foundations of the paradigms of complexity and Deep Complexity. The next part of the article focuses on the achievements of Jean-Louis Le Moigne in the area of modelling complex systems and his impact on research into complexity. Final remarks review the contribution of Morin and Le Moigne to this field of study.
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