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Problémy interpretace dějin Černé Hory

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EN
The article is a response to the review of the historian Jan Pelikán to the book by František Šístek Dějiny Černé Hory (The History of Montenegro, Praha 2017), which was published in the second issue of the Czech Historical Review in 2018 in the section “Discussion”. The main idea of the repartee is the rejection of the opinion of the reviewer that F. Šístek provided a tendentious, romanticizing image of the history of Montenegro, which suits current Montenegrin historiography and that insufficiently explains to the Czech reader the complex process of the national emancipation of the Montenegrins. The author of the repartee first elucidates the differences between the Serbian and Montenegrin narratives of the history of Montenegro and subsequently proves that F. Šístek made one of the critical themes of his book the analysis of the process of the formation of an independent Montenegrin nation, in whose identity both components of regional Montenegrinism and components of cultural Serbism appeared in parallel over the long term in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Šístek described and explicated this problem in great detail and objectively. Some other high-quality parts of the examined monograph were also valuable, particularly its erudite interpretation of the specifics of the tribal society in Montenegro in the 15th–19th centuries and an exceptionally interesting chapter on the history of Czech-Montenegrin relations.
RU
This paper addresses the following ąuestions: 1) what is the national language, 2) what is the relation between national language and standard language, and 3) how and to what extent is the national style associated with the national language and standard language. According to the author, there are two basie types of national styles - literary (standard) and non-literary (nonstandard). Each national style characterizes two national markings - the expressive and functional stylistic. In the main part o f the analysis the basie expressive functional stylistic differences between the national styles of Śtokavian peoples (Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks and Montenegrins) are demonstrated.
EN
The character of the output of Czech composers between the 1860s and 90s was determined to a considerable degree by competitions for new operas. The first such competition, announced by Count Harrach, was won by Smetana’s The Brandenburgers in Bohemia; another contest was linked with the planned opening of the National Theatre; the third one already aimed at augmenting the National Theatre’s repertoire (it was won by Zdeněk Fibich with The Bride of Messina, 1884); and the last in this series of competitions fell within the context of the Bohemo-Slavic Ethnographic Exhibition (1895). The present study concentrates on the second of these opera competitions, which was entered by three serious operas: namely, Smetana’s Libuše, Bendl’s Montenegrins, and Fibich’s Blaník. Though the main prize went predictably to Libuše, Bendl and Fibich ended up with both financial rewards and recommendations for their operas to be staged, which led to their subsequent acclaimed productions. Fibich’s Blaník is described here as a distinctive example of aspirations to follow up the endeavour initiated by Bedřich Smetana. There, the comparison of Libuše and Blaník makes possible to reveal the original approaches present in Smetana’s opera, while at the same time confronting the actual work with expectations harboured by the general public. Where, at the stage of sketching Libuše, Smetana had already arrived at a clearly defined form of musical dra- ma, Fibich accepted the conditions set by his librettist, Eliška Krásnohorská and proceeded to adjust his grand opera concept to Wagnerian principles. The subsequent history of Fibich’s opera have even inspired a hypothesis about the sustained approximation of the composer’s initial concept to the model format of Smetana’s Libuše. Accordingly, detailed analysis is supplemented here by insights into the opera’s reception, and work with manuscript sources. The existing knowledge of a broader context is complemented here by additional information about the previously insufficiently explained attitude of Antonín Dvořák who – as seems to be corroborated by newly accessible sources – worked on his Dimitrij in the close vicinity of Libuše and Blaník, and yet decided to compete with these operas straight away in the National Theatre’s repertoire, without any prior confrontation.
CS
Tvorbu českých skladatelů od šedesátých let po devadesátá léta 19. století do značné míry určovaly soutěže na opery. První operní konkurz vyhlásil hrabě Harrach a vyhrála ho Smetanova opera Braniboři v Čechách, další konkurz byl spjatý s plánovaným otevřením Národního divadla, třetí soutěž již měla doplnit repertoár Národního divadla (vyhrál Z. Fibich s operou Nevěsta messinská, 1884), poslední soutěž spadá do období Národopisné výstavy českoslovanské (1895). Studie se zaměřuje na druhý operní konkurz, do kterého byly přihlášeny tři vážné opery: Smetanova Libuše, Bendlovi Černohorci a Fibichův Blaník. Ačkoliv hlavní cenu vyhrála, podle očekávání, Libuše, dostalo se Bendlovi a Fibichovi jak finančního ocenění, tak byly jejich opery doporučeny k provozování a posléze i s úspěchem přijaty. Fibichova opera Blaník je pojednána jako výrazný příklad pokračování ve snahách Bedřicha Smetany. Konfrontace Libuše a Blaníku umožňuje odkrývat originální řešení ve Smetanově díle a zároveň upozorňovat na očekávání ze strany publika. Jestliže Smetana prošel ve fázi skicování Libuše k jasnému hudebně dramatickému tvaru, Fibich přijal podmínky své libretistky Elišky Krásnohorské a postupně velkooperní koncepci upravoval podle zásad wagnerianismu. Další osudy Fibichova díla dokonce zakládají hypotézu o neustálém přibližování původní koncepce k ideálu Smetanovy Libuše. Zevrubná analýza je proto doplněna vhledem do recepce díla a prací s rukopisnými prameny. Širší kontext doplňuje doposud neuspokojivě vysvětlené jednání Antonína Dvořáka, který – jak se zdá díky nově přístupným pramenům – tvořil svého Dimitrije v těsné blízkosti Libuše a Blaníku, avšak rozhodl se těmto operám konkurovat přímo v repertoáru Národního divadla.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie jednej z małych form folkloru – anegdoty, a dokładniej etnoanekdoty jako sposobu odzwierciedlenia narodowej specyfiki, narodowego kolorytu, formy wyrażenia najbardziej charakterystycznych cech mentalności i stylu życia określonego ludu, nacji, grupy społecznej. Na przykładzie najbardziej typowych i rozpowszechnionych na słowiańskich Bałkanach tekstów anegdot przedstawiono najbardziej charakterystyczne dla przedstawicieli serbochorwackiego kontinuum językowego narodowo-specyficzne cechy, odzwierciedlone w tego rodzaju etnoanegdotach. Ich dodatkową cechą jest to, że często narodowe (auto)stereotypy są połączone we wspólnym obrazie (obrazach) – bohatera (lub bohaterów) najbardziej wyraziście i w całości skupiającym i reprezentującym główne stereotypy charakterystyczne dla danego narodu. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwala wnioskować, że etnoanegdota, jako szczególna odmiana tematyczna anegdoty, zawiera między innymi ważne informacje ekstralingwistyczne i może stać się obiektywnym źródłem etnolingwistycznej i kulturoznawczej charakterystyki danego kraju i zamieszkujących go mieszkańców.
EN
This article reviews one of the small forms of folklore – anecdote and, more specifically, ethno-anecdote (ethnic joke) as a way of reflecting national specifics, national colour, a form of expression of the most characteristic features of the mentality and way of life of a certain people, nation, social group. Based on texts of anecdotes that are most typical and widespread in the area of the Slavic Balkans, the characteristics of representatives of the so-called “Serbo-Croatian dialect continuum” are explored. Nationalspecific qualities reflected in ethnic jokes and stereotypes are discussed. It is concluded that ethnic jokes, as a special thematic kind of anecdote, contain, among other things, important extralinguistic information and can become an objective source when studying the ethnolinguistic and culturological characteristics of a particular country and its inhabitants.
RU
Предлагаемая статья посвящена рассмотрению одной из малых форм фольклора – анекдоту и более конкретно – этноанекдоту как способу отражения национальной специфики, национального колорита, форме выражения наиболее характерных особенностей менталитета и образа жизни определенного народа, нации, социальной группы. На примере текстов наиболее типичных и распространенных на славянских Балканах текстов анекдотов представлены наиболее типичные, характерные для представителей т.н. «сербохорватского языкового континуума» национально-специфические качества, отражаемые в подобных этноанекдотах, еще одной особенностью которых является то, что нередко национальные (авто)стереотипы объединены в собирательном образе (образах) – герое (или героях), наиболее ярко и во всей совокупности аккумулирующих и представляющих основные стереотипы, характерные для данной нации. Выводится заключение о том, что этноанекдоты, как особая тематическая разновидность анекдота, помимо прочего, содержат важную экстралингвистическую информацию и способны стать объективным источником для этнолингвистической и культурологической характеристики определенной страны и населяющих ее жителей.
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