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SCHÉMA KONTRA IMAGINATÍVNOSŤ – DVA NOETICKÉ PRINCÍPY NORMALIZAČNÉHO DIVADLA

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Maťašík A.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
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2012
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vol. 60
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issue 2
142 - 149
EN
The author deals with the development of Slovak professional theatre in the period before and after the occupation of the former Czechoslovakia. He highlights the situation in dramaturgy, which after a period of relative freedom and openness to influences from other cultures fell after 1970 under the pressure from dogmatists, demanding re-isolation of Slovak art from parallel processes in Europe and worldwide. The author shows how prominent personalities of Slovak theatre as well as the younger artists reacted to the pressure of political normalisation.
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ŠIBOLET SOCIALISTICKÉHO REALIZMU (APLIKOVANIE TECHNICKÉHO TERMÍNU V REFLEXII LITERATÚRY PÍSANEJ V PRVEJ POLOVICI 70. ROKOV 20 STOROČIA

100%
Barborík V.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 1
1 – 15
EN
The paper deals with applying Socialist Realism as a technical term in the domestic reflection of literature written in the first half of the 1970s, i.e. at the outset of cultural normalization as a part of social normalization. As opposed to the previous decade, the field of literature underwent fundamental changes; literature and its reflection were subjected to power. At that time the technical term Socialist Realism was brought back into use as a part of both conception and literary criticism. It was restored by the regime as a part of ideological control of literary field. Socialist Realism as a dominant direction paradigm was inaugurated and established as the only obligatory norm in literary practice at the turn of the 1950s. Re-establishing the concept after two decades posed a paradox as there was disproportion between the frequent use of the term in the contemporary thinking and the results of the creative practice at that time. Little of what has been preserved to date can be labelled as Socialist Realism. As opposed to the 1950s, the functional content of the term changed. A variety of methods became acceptable within its framework, therefore Socialist Realism could no longer represent the only method (like it did in the first half of the 1950s), as a result of which it stopped functioning as the binding guideline in terms of technique or subject – and lost a clear meaning. It was quite a frequent expression used in critical practice, however, none of those who used it tried to define it by means of the language immanent in literary reflection. The term thus lost its value as a criterion and therefore also its practicality, but it maintained its symbolic value with regard to the contemporary regime. It became a shibboleth in both meanings of the word: „as an outdated idea, principle or phrase, which are no longer accepted by most people as important or adequate for present“ as well as a „rule, convention, word, which sets one group of people apart from another“, i.e. the writers and critics in the period of normalization who were at least on the outside willing to declare their loyalty to the regime, and those who did not do so.
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EINE ZWISCHENREVISION DES QUEER READING

100%
Demčišák J.
World Literature Studies
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2017
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vol. 9
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issue 4
35 – 52
EN
The study focuses on the evolution and normalization of queer reading in German literary studies. Based on an analysis of texts which seem to be canonical for the academic concept of queer reading, the weaknesses, strengths and futurity of this hermeneutic model and its importance and contribution to the literary criticism are discussed.
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MLADÝ LITERÁRNY KRITIK (A VEDEC) PETER ZAJAC

100%
Mikula V.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 5
335 – 344
EN
The paper written on the occasion of Peter Zajac´s 70th birthday looks back at his beginnings as a literary critic in the late 1960s. At that time he formed a polemic stance on the domineering discourse of the 1960s, however, from the outset of normalization in the 1970s he adopted many elements of Milan Hamada´s ethical and noetic conception. The following decades saw him mainly advocating the variety of Slovak literature and its genres. The paper characterizes the algorithm of Zajac´s cognitive methods as he developed it in his scientific writings aimed at the formation of a dynamic model. The lifelong basis of his relation to reality is the feeling of permanent crisis. It is a positive understanding of crisis as a productive situation, which makes a self-consciously reflect on each life situation and make decisions, which in effect make the system more dynamic and initiate the process of establishing functioning structures.
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ISSUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR MINORITIES IN SLOVAKIA IN THE MATERIALS OF THE GOVERNMENT COUNCIL OF THE SLOVAK SOCIALIST REPUBLIC FOR NATIONALITIES IN THE 1970S

100%
Šutajová J.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 4
-
EN
The first part of the study focuses on the establishment and operation of the Government Council of the SSR for Nationalities (minorities) and the changes that took place in the Council in the 1970s. The second part of the study deals with issues of higher education for minorities in the SR through the materials of the Government Council of the SSR for Nationalities during this period.
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Vzpomínky prof. Jaroslava Mezníka na historický samizdat. Edice nepublikovaného textu prof. PhDr. Jaroslava Mezníka, CSc.

100%
Myška M.
Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue 1
58-64
EN
An edition of the reminiscential text of the Brno professor Dr. Jaroslav Mezník about his participation in the production of the samizdat Historical anthologies in the era of the socalled normalization, about other persons involved in these activities and the conditions in which they worked.
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JOHAN HUIZINGA IN TSCHECHISCHER ÜBERSETZUNG

100%
Engelbrecht W.
World Literature Studies
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2017
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vol. 9
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issue 1
71 – 85
EN
The paper provides a survey of the reception of the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga in Czech translation. Between 1924 and 1938, Huizinga’s works were read and quoted mostly by historians in German translation. A translation of Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen was planned by the circle of progressive historians Historická skupina but not realized due to the German occupation. In 1938, the chemist Antonín Šimek produced the first Czech translation of In de Schaduwen van Morgen. It enjoyed a good reception in the right-wing press. The second translation, of Homo Ludens, was made in 1971 for the series Ypsilon of Mladá fronta by the sociologist Jaroslav Vácha. According to the custom of that period, the translation was accompanied by a Marxist epilogue. One year earlier, Melantrich re-edited Šimek’s translation Ve stínech zítřka, also with an epilogue. Both works were often quoted by historians and cinematographers. It took until ten years after the Velvet Revolution, in 1999, for the Germanist Gabriela Veselá to translate Huizinga’s internationally best-known work Herftsttij der Middeleeuwen. One year later, re-editions of Ve stínech zítřka and Homo Ludens were published, this time without any epilogue. Herfsttij was re-edited in 2010 by the literary publisher Paseka. The last Czech edition was Huizinga’s Erasmus, translated by the Netherlandist Jiřina Holeňová for the philosophical publisher OIKOYMENH in 2014.
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Podíl českých žen na samizdatu a v disentu v Československu v období tzv. normalizace v letech l969–l989

100%
Siklova J.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2008
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vol. 9
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issue 1
39-44
EN
During the so-called normalization era between 1969 and 1989, samizdat articles and books played a significant role in the resistance. They were copied by hand, unofficially distributed at home, and smuggled out of the country. Once outside, the texts were published in magazines and broadcast on foreign radio. As a result, people in Czechoslovakia were able to hear the illegal texts from foreign broadcasts. It was mainly women who performed the tasks of copying and distributing these materials, even though such activities were illegal in Czechoslovakia at the time. Yet, the activities of women are less well known than those performed by men during the same period, despite the fact that the activities women were engaged in were more dangerous than the men's activities. The same can be said of the women in exile who helped in these illegal activities, because as yet they have gained little recognition inside or outside the country. Women's demands and issues were not included in Charter 77 and other civic declarations. Czech women emphasised human rights and the interests of the majority rather than particular women's issues. The incentive to notice the role of women in the resistance movement originated mainly among women in the West. Czech women did not differentiate themselves along gender lines.
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ALEXANDER DUBČEK TWICE – THE (UN)KNOWN SIDE OF HIM

100%
Podmaková D.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 3
242 – 265
EN
The author, using two visual works, i.e. theatre production #dubček and film Dubček (both 2018), compares two different approaches to and forms of the work with the personality of Alexander Dubček against the backdrop of the reforms and political upheaval in Czechoslovakia, in 1968. Theatre production #dubček (Aréna Theatre, Bratislava, direction Michal Skočovský) has three levels. The first one is acting game having the form of a rehearsal of a new text about the politician Alexander Dubček; its component part is the projection of period archival film shots. The second level involves the actors stepping out of characters and commenting on Dubček’s attitude and on historical events. The third level entails monologue scenes, in which actors reveal their personal attitudes via narrated stories at the time of normalization which had a negative impact on the lives of hundreds of thousands people. In the film Dubček (Slovak-Czech co-production, direction Ladislav Halama), through Dubček’s reminiscing the past, political events interweave with the scenes from the life of Dubček’s family. Although both works employ period image documentary material and fiction, they fail to create a dramatic conflict and they are illustrative for the bigger part.
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ZÁKONÍK PRÁCE Z ROKU 1965 – ZÁKLAD ČESKOSLOVENSKÉHO PRACOVNÍHO PRÁVA VE DRUHÉ POLOVINĚ MINULÉHO STOLETÍ

100%
Vojáček L.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2014
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vol. 62
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issue 3
501 – 523
EN
The study is devoted to the development of Czechoslovak labour legislation in the second half of the last century. It traces the form and practical application of the basic legal norm – the Labour Code from 1965. It points to the economic and political causes of the most important changes and the impact of the adopted measures on the application of the code in practice. Apart from all the unrealized projects from the period of the renewal process and the post-November legislation, the study directs its attention especially to the characteristics of the three main amendments to the Labour Code during the Normalization period, which the author designates as the normalizing (1969), amending (1975) and reforming (1988) changes. The author endeavours to observe that the development of the legal norms connected with the labour process, the motivation for introducing particular amendments, problems with the implementation of some ideas, conflicting views and difficulties with the application of some adopted measures significantly contributed to the atmosphere of the time. These problems reflected the individual phases of the development of Czechoslovak or Czech and Slovak society in the second half of the last century.
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GUSTÁV HUSÁK – FIRST SECRETARY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA (1969–1970)

100%
Štefanský M.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2016
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vol. 64
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issue 5
899 – 916
EN
The study analyses the political decisions of Gustáv Husák from his election to the position of first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in April 1969 until December 1970. On the basis of the original sources, it evaluates the development, in which important normalization measures were applied in the political leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The position on the so-called anti-socialist forces in the Communist party, rehabilitations, expulsion from the Communist Party, the policy of the “ultra-leftist forces” and evaluation of the developments before and after January 1968 were changed. G. Husák’s Normalization policy was carried out under pressure from Moscow, which supported the domestic conservative forces.
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ČLOVEK V MESTE (DEBUT DUŠANA KRAUSA ŽIVOTY UNIKAJÚCE)

88%
Barborík V.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2020
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vol. 67
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issue 5
448 – 466
EN
The paper is based on the current conception of reception of the debut novel written by Dušan Kraus (1937 – 2001) Životy unikajúce/Lives Fleeing (1979). There is genealogical and typological perspective and a literary historical perspective adopted in it, the paper offers an outline reconstruction of the literary career of a lesser-known writer. The subject of the analysis is the basic semantic layers of the work (language, narration, composition) and its genealogical and typological foundations. Within the context of prose written at that time, the novel is a specific piece of writing placed outside the established development lines. It is incompatible with what was introduced by the „novel situation“ at the turn of the 1980s, it is a work of production prose, while it is not influenced by ideological requirements, it is a contemporary piece of prose which was published at the time when Slovak literature was being dominated by past-bound works. Životy unikajúce/Lives Fleeing as a production or, alternatively, „work“ novel is an unusual variant of the subgenre in Slovak literature. In terms of evolution, it is situated somewhere halfway from the ideologically biased depiction of the work environment in the 1950s towards subversive recoding of the subject matter in the second half of the 1980s (in the works of the writers such as Peter Pišťanek and Dušan Taragel).
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„NENAPLNENÝ PŘÍSLIB“. HODNOTÍCÍ STRATEGIE ČESKÉ NORMALIZAČNÍ KRITIKY

88%
Fialová A.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2011
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vol. 58
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issue 5
442 – 448
EN
This article describes strategies of normalization criticism which were used to assess and include social novels dealing with political subjects in the canon of the new socialist literature. The analysis was based on the reviews written by the critics who had met the requirements of the normalization regime and reflected on the works of art in the official periodicals. Described strategies suggest what compromise solutions the critics mostly preferred and what methods they used to emphasize the positives and shroud negatives of the reviewed works of art, which were usually of very poor quality, and what set expressions and argumentation they employed to reconcile the expectations and tasks with the outcomes of the contemporary politically progressive production.
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MATERIALIZMUS A MACHIAVELLIZMUS. POHĽAD MIROSLAVA KUSÉHO NA ČESKOSLOVENSKÚ SPOLOČNOSŤ V OBDOBÍ NORMALIZÁCIE

88%
Dalberg D. M.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
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2018
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vol. 11
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issue 2
32 – 49
EN
In the 1970s and the 1980s, the Czechoslovak regime of so called normalization could not reestablish terror of former Stalinist style. Slovak Marxist philosopher and dissident Miroslav Kusý (*1931) interpreted this situation as an agreement between the Communist Party on the one hand and the ruled people on the other which he expressed in the following line: “Shut up and you will be happy”. Kusý argues that an unconditional ban to criticize the political and economic situation of the country was accompanied by a special form of the official language people had to use in their public communication. Accepting these rules, they obtained a satisfaction of their personal economic needs. They were not obliged to believe in the socialist ideology of the Communist Party. However they had to pretend “as if” they did so. This caused a Machiavellian behaviour of common people: in order to gain their material prosperity people acted differently in public than they thought and acted in private.
15
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FRG - GDR - PPL (1950-1972). POLISH-GERMAN NORMALIZATION AS A 'MÉNAGE Á TROIS' (RFN -NRD - PRL (1950-1972). Normalizacja polsko-niemiecka jako 'ménage á trois')

88%
Weber P.-F.
Przegląd Zachodni
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2009
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issue 4(333)
145-161
EN
:In the article the author suggests a change of perspective in the analysis of the process of normalization of Polish-German relations after the Second World War: he presents the benefits of viewing those relations as a triangle with its own dynamics, based on the sociological concept of the 'triad' first formulated by Georg Simmel and later applied to political sciences with reference to international relations by Theodore Caplow, among others. Such a trilateral view allows for a more precise understanding of normalization as a change of norms in the difficult Polish-German relations. What is more, interrelations between the FRG-GDR relations and Poland's relations with both of the German states open the possibility to treat the normalization process as a single issue that can be subjected to periodization in order to bring out clearly various mutual dependencies.
16

GUSTÁV HUSÁK – PRVÝ TAJOMNÍK ÚV KSČ (1969 – 1970)

88%
Štefanský M.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 2
275 – 290
EN
The study analyses the political decisions of Gustáv Husák from his election to the position of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in April 1969 until December 1970. On basis of the original sources, it evaluates the development, in which important normalization measures were applied in the political leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The position on the so-called anti-socialist forces in the Communist party, rehabilitations, expulsion from the Communist Party, the policy of the “ultra-leftist forces” and evaluation of the developments before and after January 1968 were changed. G. Husák’s Normalization policy was carried out under pressure from Moscow, which supported the domestic conservative forces.
17

FROM CLASS-SOCIETY TO A DEMOCRACY IN PERMANENCE. PETR UHL’S “PROGRAM OF SOCIAL SELF-MANAGEMENT”

75%
Dalberg D. M.
Studia Politica Slovaca: časopis pre politické vedy, najnovšie politické dejiny a medzinárodné vzťahy
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2016
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vol. 9
|
issue 2
5 – 23
EN
The paper deals with the normative democratic theory of the revolutionary Marxist and Trotskyite Czech dissident Petr Uhl (born in 1941). It describes the ambitions and analyses the problems of his main political work “Program of Society’s Self-Organization” written in the late 1970s. In this work Uhl attempted to describe, interpret, and criticize the existing political system in Czechoslovakia but also in the Western world and designed a normative democratic theory. The article also discusses the question of who influenced his thinking and answers two further questions: How was his “Program” perceived? and did Uhl change his political point of view in the years following the publication of his program?
18
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Współczesna polityka społeczna wobec niepełnosprawności i osób niepełnosprawnych

75%
Klimczuk A.
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne
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2013
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vol. 22
185-200
EN
Disability is one of the features that diferentiate individuals and groups in modern societies. People with reduced physical, cognitive and psychological effciency are particularly exposed to discrimination and social, economic and political exclusion. What is important social issue of people with disabilities in the early 21st century changes by entering into a relationship with the ageing of the population. Te article aims to introduce some theoretical concepts eforts to improve the image of disability and reduce the barriers faced by persons with disabilities in access to diferent kinds of resources, spaces and opportunities. A critical analysis of the literature includes: description of the concept of activation policy as well as principles and objectives of social policy in a holistic paradigm of normalization. Tis summary contains possible future directions of research and analysis.
19

“DEŠTRUKCIA KONCEPTU SOCIALISTICKÉHO REALIZMU” (K PRÍPADU “MAGICKÝ REALIZMUS” V ROMBOIDE V 1987)

75%
Passia R.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2016
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vol. 63
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issue 1
22 – 28
EN
The goal of the present case study is to help understand the mechanisms used by the official Communist power to control and regulate literary critical production in Slovak literature written in the late 1980s. The author reconstructs a case from the year 1987, which concerns the magazine Romboid. He uses the particular case of contemporary literary life to show that Slovak literature in the late 1980s also featured strong dogmatic and conservative trends persisting in rigid defence of Socialist Realism as the only artistic method acceptable at that time.
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THE INNER EMIGRATION AS A GESTURE OF FREEDOM (DOMINIK TATARKA AND LUDVIK VACULIK AFTER 1968) ('Vnutorna emigracia' ako gesto slobody (Dominik Tatarka a Ludvik Vaculik po roku 1968))

63%
Batorova M.
World Literature Studies
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2009
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vol. 1(18)
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issue 2
58-75
EN
The fundamental difference between the Slovaks and the Czechs after the political normalization in 1968 and later during the times of consolidation lies in the carriers of alternative culture and their contribution. There were self-educated intellectuals and university-educated scholars in Bohemia such as V. Havel, J. Grusa, L. Vaculik, J. Patocka or M. Machovec. However, these were rather thinkers than artists, who were in minority. In contrast, Slovakia had mainly artists and academics in various fields, to which they often remained confined, as well as catholic intellectuals (J. Korec, F. Miklosko, etc.). They published the results of their free analyses in Samizdat at the end of the 1960s. The only exceptions before 1968 formed discussion groups, which were organized under the name of a socialist institution and which went underground during the time of political consolidation, as well as the candle demonstration for religious freedom in Bratislava in 1988. Dominik Tatarka was the major figure of Slovak dissent. The study focuses on Tatarka's aesthetic and sociological essays about the genesis and history of the nation and on his authentic notes that bear witness to the times he lived in. The study also follows Tatarka's life after 1968. All manifestations of alternative culture in Slovakia have rather the character of artworks than of theories of artistic or political orientation. Although this artistic act had its function and impact, it was not subsequently used as an idea pool. Tatarka, with his 'action art', and using his own person - 'body art', had a great impact on engaging the masses of people, arousing their feelings, and sense of togetherness. The resistance movement against the political powers materialized in the form of an alternative art, in the visualization of thought in the unofficial visual arts. However, in Slovakia the artistic gesture remained without the subsequent interpretations that would verbally grasp the essence of the artistic accomplishment, that would comment on it as a stimulus, as a political action, and thus properly anchor its meaning.
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