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The education of Polish children deported to the USSR and evacuated to the nearand Middle East during World War II

100%
Roguska A., Roguski R., Madej A.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2024
|
vol. 1
31-41
EN
The text describes fragmentary education gained by children deported from the territory of Poland occupied by the Soviet Union to the forced labour camps and kolkhozes. They were subsequently evacuated from the USSR to Iran and other countries controlled by Great Britain. The release of such a large group of people from Gulag camps and places of isolation was an unprecedented situation in the Soviet system, and the presence of such a large number of civilians along the regular military units being formed at the time was unexampled in history. The authors illustrate education methods and conditions of Polish youth released with their families from Gulag camps and locations of compulsory labour together under the so-called amnesty. They provide details regarding the young refugees’ health issues, numerous cases of starvation to death or symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTSD ‒ post-traumatic stress disorder). They present the problems with the evacuation itself and confront the standards of living and expulsion from Soviet Russia with a highly positive reception of refugees on the Persian land. They indicate their further fate, including the creation of orphanages and schools, as children in the USSR were deprived of the opportunity to learn. It was important to depict extremely difficult, frequently provisional attempts at schooling Polish youngsters against the background of historic events.
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O niemieckich planach ofensywy na Bliskim i Środkowym Wschodzie (1941–1942)

84%
Mikietyński P.
Prace Historyczne
|
2019
|
vol. 146
|
issue 4
859-878
EN
Relatively little attention is devoted to Berlin’s intentions relating to the period after a possible victory on the Eastern Front (in contrast to the knowledge about the assumptions of the general German plan of operations against the Soviet Union). The draft of Directive 32 “Preparations for the period after Barbarossa” – a culmination of inter-staff exchange of opinions – was elaborated on June 11, 1941, and then sent to the commands of the three branches of armed forces. It assumed “intercepting British fortresses in the Middle East and the Mediterranean by means of concentric attacks carried out from Libya to Egypt, from Bulgaria through Turkey, and perhaps from the Caucasus through Iran.” However, ultimately the planning never went beyond the sphere of staff analysis. A significant documentation of these considerations is preserved in the Bundes-Militärarchiv in Freiburg im Breisgau in the OKW / OKH files.
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