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Snacking in children according to age

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Pac P., Gładka A., Maciorkowska M., Zalewska M., Musiałowski P., Zakrzewski M., Maciorkowska E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2017
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vol. 7(1)
107-113
EN
Introduction: One of the major nutritional mistakes committed by children and adolescents is snacking between meals. Sweet or salty snacks are rich in simple sugars, fats, preservatives and dyes, and poor in minerals and vitamins. Their excessive consumption can lead to the development of diet-related diseases in the future. Purpose: To evaluate the nutrition of children and adolescents with a focus on snacking between meals. Materials and methods: The study included 162 students from Bialystok schools, of which primary school students accounted for 30.2%, junior high school 38.3%, high school 31.5%. The questionnaire used by the authors contained 27 questions. Results: Regular meals were consumed by only 55.1% of primary school students, 35.5% of junior high school, and 37.3% of high school students. Two and fewer meals a day were consumed by 1.6% to 5.8% of the students studied. First breakfast was omitted by 18.4% of the students in elementary school, 16.1% of junior high school, and 15.7% of high school. Second breakfast was omitted by 12.9% to 17.6% of the respondents.Sweet products instead of a second breakfast were consumed by 44.9% of primary school students, 61.3% of junior high school, and 64.7% of high school students. Snacking most often occurred in the respondents' home (69.4% of elementary school students, 43.5% of secondary level students, and 52.9% of high school students). Water in school was drunk by 85.7% of primary level students, 56.5% of junior high school, and 51.0% of high school. The main source of knowledge about nutrition for 61.2% of primary level students was the family, while television, radio, and the Internet were the main sources of knowledge for 62.7% of high school students. Conclusions: The regularity of eating in the study group decreased with the studied students’ age. The most popular products in the group of younger students were salty snacks and sweets. Healthy snacking was observed more frequently in the group of high school students. The main place of snacking was the home. The primary source of knowledge about nutrition for primary school students was the family and for high school students the mass media.
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Analysis of body composition and physical fitness of futsal players at school age according to their level of physical activity, diet and body image

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Sánchez García C., Zauder R., López Sánchez G. F.
Atena Journal of Sports Sciences
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2019
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vol. 1
4-4
EN
Objectives: Childhood and adolescence are stages in which changes occur both mentally and at a body level and in which habits are acquired that persist for many years in the child's life. The objective of the present study was to analyze body composition and physical fitness based on the practice of physical activity, diet and body image of soccer players at school age. Methods: The sample consisted of 41 players of Alcantarilla football with an average age of 13.12 ± 2.41 years. The following variables of body composition were evaluated: waist / hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI). The physical fitness variables evaluated were: staircase test, resting heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (SBP) and systolic blood pressure (DBP), Course Navette (CN; stage, distance, speed), VO2max, HRmax, HR 1.5, 3 and 5 min post-CN, maximum oxygen saturation (SO2max), SO2 3 and 5 min post-CN. The diet was evaluated using the KIDMED Mediterranean diet adherence questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed using the PACE questionnaire. The body image was analyzed using the Stunkard silhouettes. Findings: The results showed that both the basal metabolic rate (p = 0.002) and the resting systolic blood pressure (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in active subjects than in inactive subjects. Regarding diet, BMI was significantly lower in subjects with a poor diet (p = 0.06) in comparison to subjects with an optimal diet. Finally, according to the body image, the Course Navette result was significantly higher in those who wanted to be larger than in those who were satisfied or wished to lose weight. Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended to carry out intervention programs to improve the level of physical activity, diet and body image, as this will have a positive effect on body composition and physical fitness.
3
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Selected nutritional behaviors and physical activity among elementary school children

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Zalewska M., Zubrycki A., Sosnowski Z., Jamiołkowski J., Zakrzewski M., Maciorkowska E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2017
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vol. 7(1)
131-136
EN
Introduction: Proper nutrition and physical activity are very important elements in the proper functioning and development of children. The lack of daily, systematic physical effort in younger and younger age groups is a public health problem. Purpose: To evaluate the nutrition and physical activity of children attending primary school. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 707 pupils form randomly selected elementary schools using the authors’ own questionnaire in the school year 2013/2014. The questionnaire included questions on selected dietary habits and physical activity as well as the socio-economic conditions of the families. Results: Among the studied children, 88.6% consumed 4 or 5 meals a day. There was a statistically significant relationship between the number of meals consumed and the age of the children. Breakfast was consumed by 86.4% of children, more often residents of the city than the village (88.0% vs. 81.7%, p <0.05). Daily consum-ption of second breakfast was declared by 71.5% of boys and 74.2% of girls. The vast majority of the studied students (86.8%) have always taken part in physical education classes. Outdoor leisure time was declared by 75% of the surveyed children. Rural students showed greater involvement in outdoor activities than students from the city (86.1% vs. 70.2%, p <0.001). A total of 62.2% of boys and 51.8% of girls (p <0.05) participated in sports activities. Conclusions: Inappropriate nutrition and lack of physical activity affected both girls and boys, and the abnormalities were dependent on where they lived and were age-related.
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Eating habits of urban youth aged 16-18

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Zalewska M., Zubrycki A., Czarniecka-Bargłowska K., Maciorkowska E.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2018
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vol. 8(2)
55-61
EN
Introduction: Nutrition is one of the most essential factors conditioning normal human growth and development. Nutritional errors can be the basis for the emergence and development of obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis or postural defects. Purpose: The study aimed to learn about the dietary habits of urban high-school youth. Materials and methods: The study was conducted using the original questionnaire in 2013 and covered 200 students of randomly selected high schools. Results: Among the subjects, 70.8% consumed 4 or 5 meals during the day. The boys have eaten five meals significantly more often during the day than girls. The first breakfast was consumed by 76.5% of students and the second breakfast with 69.7%. Of the subjects, 80% indicated the eating between meals. The girls preferred sweets, fruit, and sandwiches, and the boys had sandwiches, sweets, and dairy drinks. The highest percentage of the examined youth ate sweets 3-4 times a week (41.6% girls and 35.6% boys). The respondents who consumed fast food once a week constituted of 60.9% of girls and 48.7% of boys. The girls consumed sweetened drinks most often once a week, and boys 3-4 times a week. Conclusions: Nutritional errors of adolescents consisted of irregular consumption of meals, late time of the last meal before bedtime, consumption of a large number of sweet and spicy snacks and sweetened beverages were found. Wrong nutrition concerned both girls and boys
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Výživa u dětí s onemocněním srdce

100%
Gulášová I., Babečka J., Cetlová L.
Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
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2018
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issue 3(24)
107-115
EN
The authors point to balanced nutrition in children with heart disease, which is not easy at all in terms of age and nutrition, and with respect to the limitations of heart disease. heart disease in childhood is a very comprehensive set of diseases, including congenital malformations, arrhythmias, valvular defects, hypertension. Congenital heart defects include situations where the heart attack is present at birth. In the czech republic approximately 500 children with heart defect are born annually. The aim of the paper is to make recommendations on how to properly choose the right foods for children with heart disease. it is important to exclude industrially produced salt foods, limiting salt and fat intake. These measures can be approached very individually with respect to the child‘s age, surgery, associated dg., medication. The whole family should always be involved so that the child does not suffer, it is not our intention to psychically distract the child. it should also take into account age, sex. a mildly reducing diet if overweight or obesity is always a risk! in the case of a very young child, such as breast-fed infants, it is important for these measures to be followed by a nursing mother. Nutrition is most important not only for children with heart disease, because they may need to take care of themselves in order to prevent their condition from becoming fatal at the end, as well as prevention and healthy lifestyle.
6
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A nursing perspective of nutrition in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

75%
Lavdaniti M.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 2
131-134
EN
Purpose: To present of an appropriate diet consists in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Materials and methods: A search was made in the Pubmed and Scopus databases for reports on nutrition and chemotherapy in cancer patients. There were used the following key words: nutrition, cancer, chemotherapy and the combination of them. Results: Nutritional problems of patients are caused by the same disease, the antitumor therapy and the patient's response to the diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms such as anorexia, changes in taste, nausea - vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis and constipation are common side effects of chemotherapy and can lead to inadequate food intake and consequently, malnutrition. There are many appropriate nursing interventions that alleviate the above symptoms. Conclusions: Nurse plays an important role in the care of patients who have been feeding problems receiving chemotherapy. Nutritional interventions are individualized and should be started immediately and incorporated into the care plan in order to be successful. In order this to be achieved; all patients should be assessed for nutritional problems and weight loss before starting treatment and after starting regularly.
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