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1
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On Those who Stayed Behind. A Study on Old Age and the Looming Extinction of the Ukrainian Countryside

100%
Pietruszka J.
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2007
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vol. 61
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issue 1(276)
164-170
EN
A presentation of old age along the borderline between contemporary society and a Ukrainian traditional rural community facing extinction. The portrayed group of people share their place of residence, age, and experiences of historical events as well as the progressing disappearance of village life. Upon the basis of a local comprehension of the conception of age - within the context of performed social roles and health, the authoress interprets the organisation of life and the changes transpiring within the community. Observations of daily life, communication and memory of the deceased serve as a foundation for describing strivings towards the maintenance of a continuum and resistance against the gradual loss of impact on one's fate.
2
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POLAND: NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN? OR: ON SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF OLD AGE (Czy Polska jest krajem dla starych ludzi? O spolecznym konstruowaniu starosci)

80%
Stypinska J.
Studia Humanistyczne AGH
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2010
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vol. 8
139-150
EN
The article focuses on the various approaches to the phenomenon of old age in Poland from the perspective of social constructionism in sociology. It attempts to demonstrate that the definition of old age is not a primitive notion of essentialist character, but a set of meanings that are permanently transformed and negotiated depending on the social contexts in which they are deployed. The concept of social constructionism of Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann serves as a theoretical prism for the analysis of the empirical material. The empirical material consists of a set of texts and commentaries from the readers and users of the Internet portal Gazeta Wyborcza and the report 'Is Poland a country for old men?'. The major guideline for the analysis of the empirical material was to identify the major themes and spheres of social life discussed among the readers and Internet users. The subsequent steps were: synthesis and interpretation of the results. The analysis showed that the main concerns regarding the topic of old age are the following: public space as a place of alienation or even perhaps 'invisibility' of older people, the labour market as an area of domination of young people, media described as the 'dictatorship of young faces', and the usage of new technologies by seniors.
3
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HRY O STAROBE AKO ESENCIA DIVADLA NÓ

80%
Hlaváčová A.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
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2013
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vol. 61
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issue 2
123 - 134
EN
The study examines the issue of aging as reflected in the repertoire of Noh theatre. The analysis of the “old women plays” is based on the aesthetic concept of beauty of old age (rojaku) as particularly rare form of vanishing. Another question raised in the study is the beauty of performance of an aging actor. The author of this study applies conceptual approach to explain the fact that the theme of old poet stands in the centre of actually three of the five plays on her. The by-product of the study is the revelation of morphological proximity of two plays, Sumidagawa and Sotoba-Komachi, which may have an impact on dating and clarification of the authorship.
4

THE USE OF A DRAWING TOOL TO ASSESS THE IMPLICIT AGEISM OF STUDENTS

80%
Ivan L., Schiau I., Buzoianu C.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 2
221 – 238
EN
Ageism has been generally defined as a prejudice people from a certain age group hold towards other age groups (Butler, 1969; 1975). Although such definitions do not restrict the use of the term to researching prejudices regarding a certain age group, currently ageism is deployed in studies concerning prejudices regarding older people and includes cognitive evaluations (negative stereotypes people might have regarding older people) as well as affective – emotional reactions towards older people, in different instances of daily life. Researchers admit the fact that some of the ageist reactions (both cognitive and emotional) could be captured by implicit measures. Implicit association tests have been used to measure subtle cues of ageism (see Levy & Banaji, 2002) and the validity of these measurements are largely discussed in the international psychological literature (see Greenwald, McGhee &Schwartz, 1998; Rudman et al., 1999, for a review). Drawing could also be used as a tool to research implicit ageism, though it has been approached to a lesser extend to research on ageism (see for example Barrett & Cantwell, 2007). In the current research, we employ the drawing technique on a sample of undergraduate students from a public university (N=165) to assess their visual representations of older people. Examining the features of the drawing allows us to talk about implicit ageism and the way the drawing tool could be a valid tool to examine implicit ageism.
5

LIFE SITUATION OF WIDOWED SENIORS

80%
Nytra G.
Sociálno-zdravotnícke spektrum
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2016
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vol. 4
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issue 1
-
EN
The objective of this article is to answer the question what the life situation of widowed seniors is like. The basis of the paper is depiction of life situation of widows and widowers at the senior age with an emphasis on clarifying their problems and coping abilities and on defining the demands and expectations by their milieu. The article further deals with social support which can help widowers and widows in adapting to the death of their life partner. The terms are given here based on available literature.
6

OLD AGE RIDICULED, OR PHYLLIS RIDING ARISTOTLE (Starosc osmieszona, czyli Filis na Arystotelesie)

80%
Dabrowska M.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
143-152
EN
In the rich ornamentation of Gothic and Renaissance tiles it is difficult to find motifs which depict old age in a simple and direct way, illustrating features such as wisdom or experience, for which mature people should be valued. The same concerns arts. It is easier to find pictures which ridicule the weaknesses of old age. A good example is the mediaeval tale of Phyllis and Aristotle, a story of the old philosopher courting the young mistress of Alexander the Great. To achieve his aim, Aristotle had to allow Phyllis to ride him like a horse. This comic scene, which ridicules the aged philosopher, was often explored by artists and craftsmen; it was depicted in sculptures and pictures, as well as on tapestries and tiles. Tiles with this motif were found in the castles in Inowlódz (1st half of 16th c.) and Spytkowice (1st quarter of 16th c.), in Banska Stiavnica in Slovakia (15th c.), and in Bern in Switzerland (2nd half of 15th c.). With time the tale became an exemplum used by preachers to warn against the sin of debauchery, personified by the woman.
7

OLD PEOPLE IN PEASANT AND GENTRY HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND IN THE LATE 18TH C. (Ludzie starzy w chlopskich i szlacheckich gospodarstwach domowych w Koronie schylku XVIII wieku)

80%
Kopczynski M.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
111-119
EN
Old age as a special period in an individual's life is a relatively new topic in historical research. Interest in this subject has been stirred by the process of population ageing, inevitably affecting all the developed countries and increasingly present in public discourse. Population ageing stems from an increase of longevity but its effects are acutely felt only when it is combined with a decrease of the fertility rate, as a result of which the proportion of old people in the population (however old age is defined) rises to over 20%. In Western Europe the process has been witnessed since the 1960s, being euphemistically called the second demographic transformation. In Poland and other countries of 'the younger Europe' it started in the 1980s and has been much more rapid than in the West. Population ageing leads to a number of economic and social consequences. The article deals with the situation of old people in peasant and gentry families in Poland in the late 18th century. It is based on civil and military census records from the years 1790-92 from the districts of Radziejów and Podgórze in Kuyavia (peasants) and the region of Wielun (gentry). The basic research question concerns the family strategies assumed in view of ageing and their impact on the structure of households. For eighteenth-century peasants in Kuyavia social ageing began when they lost the position of the head of the household. In the case of men this happened quite late, about the age of 70, in the case of women - about the age of 60. In the serfdom system, where contracts and ownership were not legally guaranteed, and the position of elderly people was regulated only by ethical norms not by law, the loss of this position entailed social degradation. Unsurprisingly, peasants tried to avoid it, hanging on to their farms. Men were more successful at that, while women were more quickly and inevitably degraded. The author explored the differences in the structure of peasant and gentry households. In both cases the dominant model was a nuclear family, but the proportion of extended families including lineal ancestors and collateral relatives was different. Among peasants there was a significant proportion of families headed by single mothers; households of more complex structure were uncommon. Gentry households quite often included collateral relatives, usually unmarried or widowed women. The small proportion of households in which widowed mothers lived with their sons' families indicates that widowed gentry women were in a much better position than widowed peasant women. The above-mentioned differences were conditioned by the domination of the production function in peasant households and the lack of ownership guarantees. These factors made the situation of old people in peasant households very difficult. For fear of declassing peasant families get rid of older sons, making them go into service, so that they did not compete with their ageing parents, and replacing them with hired labourers. Widowed men often remarried, which was necessary from the perspective of productivity and helped avoid degradation. Women, who were unable to do that, quickly lost the position of the head of the household. In gentry households the production function was not so prominent and ownership was guaranteed by law, therefore the perspective of ageing was not as disturbing as it was for peasants.
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CHARITABLE CARE OF OLD PEOPLE IN WARSAW IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH C. (Opieka dobroczynna nad starcami w Warszawie w drugiej polowie XIX wieku)

80%
Mazur E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
135-141
EN
Charitable care of poor adults in Warsaw in the second half of the 19th c. had various forms, which can be classified according to their functions. One of the forms was regular care, which concerned not only the old and the disabled, who had no means to support themselves with, but also other groups that needed help, for instance old teachers or bankrupt landowners, who could only partly cover their costs of living. At that time the poor were no longer committed to workhouses, since that form of 'help' had proved inefficient. A common way of dealing with beggars and vagabonds was to send them back to the place where they had been born. The law obliged communes to support the poor, but even police restrictions could not solve the problem of beggars in Warsaw. Another form of charity was temporary care of people who were temporarily in a difficult financial situation. Night shelters were organized, as well as special institutions for people who left hospitals and were unable to work. Temporary care was offered for example to poor seamstresses, craftsmen and workers, who were temporarily unemployed. It also concerned people who had a place to live but could not earn enough to support themselves. A house care institution was established, whose task was to supply such people with clothing, fuel and medicines, sometimes also with limited financial aid. Other forms of help included the distribution of Rumford's soup, organizing soup kitchens and cheap tearooms. The second half of the 19th saw new tendencies in charitable care of adults. The aim was not only to meet the daily needs of the poor but also to give them a chance to develop and change their life. New institutions were established to help the poor find jobs and develop their aspirations thorough education (e.g. free-of-charge reading rooms). Attempts of that sort were directed at both young and old people. Charitable care of poor adults, especially those who were able to work, evolved considerably throughout the 19th c. As to the care of poor and lonely old people, charity institutions remained largely helpless. It is difficult to judge whether the situation would have been different if Poland had been independent. The contemporary attitude to old people makes one very sceptical in that respect.
9

OLD AGE IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND NOW (Starosc w sredniowieczu i dzis)

80%
Kwiatkowska B., Boryslawski K.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
5-15
EN
The issue of old age and aging has interested not only scientists from time immemorial. Over 300 theories have been proposed so far to explain the mechanism of ageing, none of them universal, but each capturing part of the truth about the phenomenon. As any biological process, ageing results from the interaction of two factors: the genotype, which determines the path, and the environment, which modifies gene expression and thus induces various ways of following the path. The threshold of old age is undoubtedly conventional. In ontogenesis both the whole organism and its particular organs go through three phases: development, balance and involution, or aging. Different organs go through the phases in different times, and differently in each individual, hence there is significant variability in reaching old age. The pace of aging is increased by ecological factors, such as lack of hygiene, illnesses, injuries, poor diet, lack of exercise, overworking and stress. Many of those factors are correlated with the low degree of urbanization, the low level of education, the individual's profession and low income. Such culture-bound factors, in turn, are usually connected with the social status, the social class and the country of residence, which jointly determine the socio-economical status. All that regards contemporary societies but also historical populations, including those that lived in the Middle Ages. Social stratification may have caused vast individual differences the process of aging, which was dependent on both natural and social circumstances determining human lifespan. The interrelation between the improvement of socio-economical conditions and the lengthening of the lifespan has been noticed by many authors. Research on Polish skeleton populations from the 10th to the 18th c. indicates that the average lifespan was gradually increasing and so was the number of people who reached old age, especially in the richer strata of society and in urban communities. To characterize and illustrate the phenomenon the authors compare the results of research on several Polish mediaeval skeleton populations, urban and rural, dated between the 12th and the 17th c.
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Aksjologia Władysława Tatarkiewicza

80%
Dziemidok B.
Filo-Sofija
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2011
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vol. 11
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issue 2-3(13-14)
459-472
EN
Władysław Tatarkiewicz was not only a co-creator of Polish aesthetics (aside Roman Ingarden, Stanisław Ossowski and Mieczysław Wallis) but also, aside Henryk Elzenberg, a co-creator of Polish axiology. Main issues of Tatarkiewicz’s axiological development were: value and validation theory and happiness and perfection theory. His undebatable achievement in axiological discourse is justification of the need to acknowledge relationism as a middle ground position between objectivism and subjectivism and axiological pluralism as a position different from absolutism and axiological relativism. The article presents not only axiology explicite, contained in his theoretical works, but also tries to reconstruct Tatarkiewicz’s personal axiology, which guided him throughout his long life. The personal axiology of his, I tried to reconstruct based on his memoirs, interviews he gave, letters and my personal contacts with him.
11

STARNUTIE S „DOPOMOCOU“ – ÚČASŤ STARŠÍCH ĽUDÍ V PROJEKTOCH VYVÍJAJÚCICH TECHNICKÉ ZARIADENIA PRE SENIOROV. PRÍKLAD AMBIENT ASSISTED LIVING

80%
Endter C.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2016
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vol. 64
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issue 3
271 – 279
EN
One of the strategies of successful coping with the challenges of population ageing is the development of assistance systems for elderly people. Thanks to them they can live in their own households for the longest time. This paper is based on an ethnographic case study and explains the ways elderly people are involved in the development of intelligent assistance systems. On the basis of participatory observation and qualitative interviews, it can be concluded that the participation of elderly people in the design of technological devices often happens at the final stage of approval of technical prototypes, as a result of which the perspective of the testing users cannot be appropriately considered in the prototype design. This means that the appearance and functions of the technical facilities are based mainly on the cultural premises and designer’s perceptions of the old age and ageing, and less on the experience and needs of their future users. The contribution observes this tension in relationships through ethnography.
12

OLD AGE IN POLISH RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE LITERATURE (Starosc w twórczosci pisarzy polskiego renesansu i baroku)

80%
Bogucka M.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
61-70
EN
Research on old age developed rapidly in the second half of the 20th century after historians began to pay attention to the issues of everyday life. Interest in the different forms of human existence, especially in the turning points of this existence (the so-called rites of passage), has produced vast literature devoted to death and to human attitudes to death, and consequently also to old age viewed as the threshold of death. Opportunities in that respect have been greatly extended due to including in the scope of research such mass-scale sources as probate inventories and funeral sermons. New inspirations have also been brought by the exploration of illnesses, medicine and hospitals in the past centuries. An important role in this trend can also be assigned to research on issues connected with time - from the techniques of measuring time to the perception of the passage of time in various social groups in various epochs. All those tendencies have led to numerous analyses of the attitude to old people in various social groups and various epochs. The basic study concerning the epoch investigated in this article is still Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert by the German historian Peter Borscheid. As regards Polish works, we should mention the recent article by Grzegorz Mysliwski and the studies by Maria Bogucka and Michal Kopczynski.
13

THE HOUSEHOLDS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN POLAND AT THE CLOSE OF THE FEUDAL EPOCH (Gospodarstwo domowe osób starszego pokolenia w miastach na ziemiach polskich w epoce póznofeudalnej)

80%
Kuklo C.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
121-134
EN
Although our knowledge of the mechanisms of the functioning and development of urban communities before the industrial era has been systematically broadening, there are still issues in this area which await more extensive research. One of such topics is the situation of elderly people. It can be supposed that in Old-Polish urban communities old age usually implied the end of one's economic activity, the lowering of one's social status, dependence on one's family or moving to a local poorhouse, or even degradation to the class of paupers vegetating in destitution. The present article aims to show the place of old people in the urban communities at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by establishing the proportion of old people who run their own households and by defining their position in the family. Elderly people certainly did not contribute to the potential of the family viewed as an economic unit, on the contrary - they were usually treated as a serious burden for the strictly calculated family budget. The article is an attempt to explore the mechanisms of the functioning of urban communities at the very basic level of its smallest unit, i.e. the family household and its immediate economic surroundings, with special stress on the demographic factor. A detailed analysis was undertaken on the basis of data from smaller towns: Bedzin, Klobuck, Krzepice, Mrzyglód, Mstów, Nowa Góra, Ogrodzieniec, Olkusz, Olsztyn, Pilica, Proszowice, Wolbrom, Zarnowiec (Little Poland), Ostrzeszów, Praszka, Wielun (Great Poland), Radziejów (Kuyavia), as well as the more populated Cracow (10 000 inhabitants within the city walls) and the city of Warsaw (over 100 000 inhabitants). The source basis consisted of handwritten records from the parishes of the aforementioned small towns and of the central parishes of Warsaw (the Holy Cross parish) and Cracow (the Virgin Mary parish). All the records came from the years 1791-1792; they were compiled by local priests for the new organs of local administration established by the Four-Year Sejm. The analysis implemented the widely accepted typology of family households proposed by P. Laslett of Cambridge Group. It should be remembered that Old-Polish towns, like many other European towns, were to a considerable extent feminized, which was best visible in larger communities. The prevalence of females was also traceable in the oldest group. Of the elderly inhabitants about 75% of men and only 20-50% of women were married. This indicates that widowhood concerned a relatively small proportion of old men, while it was a common situation for the majority of old women. Old-Polish towns did not provide particularly favourable conditions to spend one's late years there. Women came to run their own households in different circumstances than men; it was more dependent on age. Independent households run by old men and women (people at the age of 60 or more) were by no means marginal in social life, since they constituted 14-18% of all the households headed by men (11% in Warsaw). The proportion was even higher in female households, ranging from 20% in Warsaw to 40% in smaller towns. Although social class did not have a significant impact on the time of taking over the leading position in the household, it did influence its size. The households headed by elderly men were usually nuclear families or extended families, while over 50% of women who had their own households were single. Moreover, a household headed by an elderly woman was usually 50% smaller than a male household. The shrinking of old people's households in social stratification was caused primarily by the decreasing number of children and home servants. Finally, it should be mentioned that demographic research of the past can be based on various measures of population ageing. One of the measures is the ratio of grandchildren to grandparents, which the author intends to apply in further analyses.
14

COMPARISON OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY IN LIFELONG ANNUITIES FOR BAYESIAN SINGLE- AND MULTI-POPULATION OLD AGE MORTALITY MODEL

80%
Zimmermann P., Fojtík J., Matějka M., Karel T.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 7
703 – 718
EN
Old age mortality modelling is often associated with lack of reliable data, especially for small populations. We focus on an approach to incorporate information contained in the data from closed populations and study its impact on estimation uncertainty in an old age mortality model. We assume a two-dimensional age cohort extension of the exponential (Gompertz) model. We compare uncertainty of the parameter estimates for two models. The first is a single population model based on data solely from one country. The second is a multi-population model for a sample of populations from the central European region. Bayesian generalized linear model and a hierarchical Bayesian generalized linear model is applied. We quantify the difference in the uncertainty of the estimates of the force of mortality and whole life annuity based on root mean squared error of the predictions for different ages, cohorts and populations.
15

OLD AGE IN THE LIFE OF POLISH PEASANTS AT THE TURN OF THE MODERN ERA (Starosc w zyciu kmieci polskich przelomu sredniowiecza i czasów nowozytnych)

80%
Guzowski P.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2010
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vol. 58
|
issue 1
101-110
EN
The article is based on the book of court record from the village of Trzesniowa from the years 1419-1609. The data was analyzed from both the demographic and the social perspective. Records of village courts allow us to trace peasants' fortunes and to reconstruct their families and lifecycles by the classical genealogical method. The analysed book contains 1542 court notes from the years 1419-1609, regarding the purchase, sale, inheritance or exchange of land, as well as rents, testaments, inventories, loans, pledges, criminal cases and conflicts between neighbours. Most commonly, the people involved were peasants who were hereditary tenants of land and performed some court functions (e.g. jurors). Women were heavily under-represented. Particular people were mentioned from one to over a hundred times. The demographic analysis was conducted on two levels. The first step was to delimit a group of 219 peasants who were mentioned in the book at least five times. This procedure made it possible to trace a significant part of their lifecycle, starting with the purchase or inheritance of land. The last mention of such a person in the book often came from over 20 later. The arithmetic average for the whole of the period in question was almost 24 years, but the median was only 21 years. The average time of activity for members of the village elite was over 25 years (arithmetic average - 26, median - 25), and for the other 'common' peasants it was 20 years (median - 19). Out of the analyzed 219 peasants 64 people were selected, who were active for 30 or more years. 26 of those sold their land on older age, usually on credit (10 of them to their sons or sons-in-law) and appeared in court to confirm the receipt of instalments. They usually stayed with their families, having a guarantee of care and a right to use a room and a piece of land, or they rented accommodation with another family. The other 38 of the group, who formally did not bequeath their land in the old age, probably remained heads of their family households. 22 of them played important roles in the village community, being jurors or the lord's officials. Only in 35 cases of the 64 the land was inherited by the peasant's progeny. Securing a heir to the hereditary plot was the worst demographic and economic problem for both peasants and, indirectly, their lords.
16

THE OLD MAN AND THE TOWN. OLD AGE AND OLD PEOPLE IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY SILESIAN DIARIES (Stary czlowiek i miasto. Starosc i ludzie starzy w szesnastowiecznych pamietnikach slaskich)

80%
Wólkiewicz E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
47-60
EN
One of the crucial types of sources used in the research on old age and the social and physical condition of old people are diaries. This article explores sixteenth-century diaries and chronicles of burghers from Wroclaw (Breslau), Swidnica (Schweidnitz) and Nysa (Neisse). The analysis concerned two issues: the authors' reflections on their own aging and the descriptions of their relationships with old people from the close circle. As to the latter topic, the most interesting data were found in the diary by Daniel Scheps, a doctor from Swidnica, written in the years 1574-1608. Scheps diaries contain several dozen mentions about elderly people, noted down, as can be inferred, in order to record unusual events. Those mentions indicate what age was considered the borderline between maturity and senility at that time, and to what extent people were aware of their own age in various social groups. The diary also provided some data on illnesses and the causes of old people's deaths. The diaries analyzed confirm historians' and demographers' findings as to the differences in old people's living conditions dependent on their sex. They also partly confirm previous findings on the significant share of old people in authorities.
17
Content available remote

ANCIENTS ON OLD AGE

80%
Konstan D.
ESPES
|
2023
|
vol. 12
|
issue 1
16 - 23
EN
Greek and Roman literature has bequeathed us a variety of perspectives on old age. Old age, in ancient times before there were palliatives for pain and devices to compensate for failing sense, such as eyeglasses and hearing aids, could be painful and humiliating. At the same time, old age commanded a certain respect, for the wisdom that time and experience brought, and it afforded pleasures of its own, such as memories of former goods. If erotic passion and attractiveness were diminished, this might be considered a benefit rather than a loss. An aged person might still be able to manage personal affairs, and if death was closer, it was not something to be feared, if one had lived a full life. Old age was a stage in life, the final one, but not less valuable for that.
18

STARNÚCA EURÓPA - AKTUÁLNY PROBLÉM: MOŽNOSTI ETNOLOGICKEJ REFLEXIE A INTERPRETÁCIE (NA PRÍKLADE VÝSKUMNÝCH SKÚSENOSTÍ V RAKÚSKU)

80%
Herzánová Ľ.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2004
|
vol. 11
|
issue 1
47-54
EN
The article presents some notions concerning the old age and ageing in society and the ability (or disability?) of the society to cope with the problem of generational gaps and generational relationships. On the base of two experiences (attendance at a lecture concerning the old age and palliative care and a conference about family) the authoress tries to draw the attention to the need of the cooperation between several scientific disciplines (like demography, sociology, politology, history, cultural studies and European ethnology) in studying problems of old age and ageing in society. She also concentrates on the sovereign expertise of e.g. European ethnology, historical anthropology or cultural studies to grasp the essential part of the study of the problem of ageing - the quality of the generational relationships, based on the qualitative research. In the authoress' opinion, in the public as well as in the academic discourse about the ageing of society, this aspect is at least as important as the statistical data.
19

Czy warto wiedzieć, „gdzie jest pies pogrzebany”?

70%
Czyżak A.
Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze
|
2012
|
vol. 3
299-307
EN
The article is devoted interpreting Tadeusz Różewicz's poem Gdzie jest pies pogrzebany. The focus is on the contexts of the poem: contemporary experience (and experiencing) of old age, a critical outlook on the rules of communication, and the modes and aims of taking up the tradition of satiric writing.
20

'THE OLD SERVANT' IN THE RESEARCH ON MAGNATE CLIENTELISM IN LITHUANIA IN THE 17TH C. ('Stary sluga' jako przedmiot badan nad klientelizmem magnackim na Litwie w XVII wieku)

70%
Augustyniak U.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2010
|
vol. 58
|
issue 1
71-85
EN
The aim of the article is to confront the literary topos of 'the old servant' (in both the magnate's worthy old friend and the worn-out pauper variants) with the social practice of the Grand Duchy of Lithaunia. The sources were drawn from the Radziwill Archives in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The main topics addressed are: 1. the status and number of old servants in the clientele system and in the structure of the magnate court; 2. the relationship between servants and patrons in the courts of old magnates; 3. the postulated and real extent of patrons' support of old servants and their families. The article explores the legal status of 'servants', who in accordance with the 3rd Lithuanian Statute were treated as a separate social group, less privileged than local gentry in terms of property and judicature, but also as part of the patron's 'family', i.e. clientele. Then it clarifies terminological problems following from the fact that the term stary ('old') or starszy ('older/senior') sluga ('servant') (sludzy starsi 'senior servants') appears in sources in several meanings: it denotes elderly people, it functions as a conventional expression in correspondence between people of equal rank or it refers to servants of higher position as opposed to the so-called 'youths' (czeladz) in lists of household servants. Further, it presents the group of 'senior servants' in the court of the Radziwill family of Birze, especially at the time of Krzysztof II Radziwill, hetman and voivode. It is concluded that although generally 'old servants' enjoyed high status and as a group played an important role in recruiting new court members and clients by co-opting, in raising the patron's children, managing his estates and the public activity of his political faction, the individual position and status of the old servant dependent primarily on his personal relationship with the magnate. The status of old servants and their relations with the patron were verified in every phase of their lives, especially when they aged and ceased to be at the patron's disposal in all situations. The Radziwill clientele included both types of old servants: a small group of 'the master's friends' - eminent writers and politicians (Salomon Rysinski, Piotr Kochlewski, Daniel Naborowski, Krzysztof Arciszewski, Samuel Przypkowski) and a large number of lower rank servants and administrators, who were often deprived of their pay when they aged and whose widows were expelled from manors which they leased from the patron. More general conclusions on the situation of old servants in the Radziwill clientele in the 17th c. will be possible if detailed research of the courts of Janusz and Boguslaw Radziwill, undertaken in the 1980s and then abandoned, is resumed.
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