Search results

1

Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic Posters

100%

Hughson J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2010

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vol. 50

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issue 1

60-65

EN

Baron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the Modern Olympic Games, envisioned the Olympic occasion as being about more than sport. He regarded the underlying idea of the Olympic Games, Olympism, as a ‘cult of humanity’, concerned with the pursuit of excellence in both sport and art. The presentation examines how Olympic posters have been, and may continue to be, used to carry on de Coubertin's ambition for the marriage of sport and art in modern times. A case is made for viewing the Olympic poster as an object with aesthetic worth and thus apart from its instrumental purpose as a ‘promotional vehicle for Olympic Games’. Problematic questions, such as whether or not Olympic posters can be viewed in detachment from the political regimes that effectively endorse them, are addressed in the discussion.

2

OVERVIEW OF BRAZILIAN'S ARMY RULES OF ENGAGEMENT TO CONDUCT COUNTERTERRORISM OPERATIONS DURING THE OLYMPIC GAMES “RIO 2016”

100%

Guerra Rolla B.

Obronność – Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania i Dowodzenia Akademii Sztuki Wojennej

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2017

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issue 1(21)

20

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest analiza Zasad Użycia Środków Walki przygotowanych z myślą o kontrterrorystycznych operacjach, które zostaną wykorzystane przez armię brazylijską w obliczu ataku terrorystycznego w czasie trwania Igrzysk Olimpijskich. Autor dokonuje tej analizy po uprzedniej prezentacji aktualnej oceny bezpieczeństwa na poziomie strategicznym.

3

The Olympic Games: The Experience of a Lifetime or Simply the Most Important Competition of an Athletic Career?

100%

Jensen R. D., Christiansen A. V., Henriksen K.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2014

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vol. 64

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issue 1

41-52

EN

As a multi-sport event that only takes place every four years and is accompanied by intense media coverage, the Olympic Games are often described by athletes as a defining moment in their careers. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to describe differences in expectations of Olympic debutants towards the Olympics and their actual experiences while they were at the Games; and 2) to describe how the athletes negotiate the balance between performing at and enjoying the experience of the Olympic Games. Further, we will discuss the athletes' stories in light of the differences between the goals and expectations of the elite sport system and those of the individual athletes. Data was collected through a qualitative interview study with a pre- and post-Olympic competition design. Using a semi-structured interview guide, we interviewed 14 Danish Olympic debutants about their Olympic goals and expectations within a month preceding their departure for the Olympic Games and about their actual experiences within a month following their return. Condensed narratives from two Olympic debutants represent the spectrum of the athletes' expectations and experiences: one failed in his performance but had a great experience; the other was successful and won a silver medal but was truly unhappy with her experience. The debutants emphasize balancing their desire to perform with a desire for social experiences. They also discussed the challenges posed during preparation and goal setting. Olympic debutants are caught in a very real dilemma between the Olympics as the “most important competition of their athletic careers” and “the Olympics as the experience of a lifetime.” This dilemma is linked to a wide rift between the perspectives and goals of the sport organization and those of the athletes.

4

Third time lucky: An analysis of Paris’ bids for the Olympic Games in 2008, 2012 and 2024

100%

Jastrząbek J.

Research Papers in Economics and Finance

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2022

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vol. 6

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issue 2

86-106

EN

The Olympic Games has become a unique occasion to implement several projects aimed at upgrading public infrastructure and improving the economic performance of the host city. Thus, some cities are so determined to host the Olympics that they decide to bid multiple times. One of the examples of such a city is Paris, which since the 2000s has submitted its bids three times, for 2008, 2012, and 2024, of which the last attempt turned out to be successful. Based on the above, the main aim of this article is to present the trajectory of changes and developments made by the three successive bid attempts, with an emphasis on the latest successful campaign. This study demonstrates that there are some recurrent ideas, projects, and plans shared by each bid with some modifications to emphasize their uniqueness, novelty, and up-to-date approach. In some aspects, the Paris 2024 bid builds on its previous candidature from 2012 in the field of long-term legacy effects and sustainability. Therefore, there is a consistent action taken by the bid managers and city authorities in terms of using the Olympic Games as a tool for urban regeneration and sports development.

5

Sports Performance and Shaping International Image of a China: Towards Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

88%

Kobierecki M. M.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2017

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vol. 1 (46)

138–150

EN

China is a country that has been using sport in order to reach political goals for many years. Lately such political exploitation of sport is directed at shaping the desirable international image of this country. This is done most of all through hosting sports events, but also through sports victories. The last aspect is the subject of this research. The aim of the article is therefore to investigate the issue of utilization of performance in international sport in order to enhance international image of a China. The research presented in the article is a case study concerning sport as a tool of nation-branding. Its main objective is to analyse motivation of China’s decision-makers to use sports performance in order to enhance the country’s international perception, and to observe how this goals is executed. The main hypothesis to be tested states that China perceives sports performance as an important tool of enhancing its international image.

6

Boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games as an Example of Political Play-Acting of the Cold War Superpowers

88%

Kobierecki M. M.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2015

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vol. 44

93-111

EN

Sports boycott is one of the most important dimension of sport colliding with politics. The subject of the article is the boycott of the Los Angeles Olympic Games in 1984, one of the most spectacular boycotts, which was conducted by communist countries. It is widely recognized, that Los Angeles Olympics were boycotted as a result of a similar action by Western countries towards Moscow Olympics in 1980. However, evidence proves that there was no decision concerning communist boycott of Los Angeles Olympics until a few months before the Games. Preparations to the Olympics were on their way, but unexpected change of Soviet leader resulted in the boycott. Safety reasons were the declared reason for the boycott of the Soviet Union and 13 other communist countries. Nevertheless, it is evident that the real reasons were connected with the political game of USSR. The probable actual aims were the desire to hit the first ever privately financed Olympic Games and to make it harder for American president Ronald Raegan to be reelected. Naturally, at least partly it was also a matter of revenge for boycotting the Moscow Games.

7

The course of the judo fight in the heaviest category (+100kg) seen from the perspective of attacks in the standing position, based on the Olympic Games in London 2012

88%

Pujszo R., Marek A., Kuźmińska A.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2014

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vol. 14

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issue 1

63-71

EN

This study ought to create a statistical picture of the judo fight in the standing position and analyse the changes in the picture of the next minutes of judo fight for useful coaching work materials. Video analysis included all the judo fights (with attacks in standing position) in the heaviest weight category during the Olympic Games in London 2012. The Efficiency and Effectiveness indicators were calculated and used to present the fight structure as a function of the performed attacks number. There were observed different trends in the number of attacks: decrease in the number of attacks backwards, increase in the number of attacks forwards and in the effectiveness of attack, which resulted in the changing course of the fight. Creating a new (after the changes of regulations) course of a judo fight gives additional possibilities of improving training work. It makes the evaluation of the effectiveness of the introduced changes in judo regulations is possible. Additionally, this course should be compared to the Polish Championships and confronted with the results of Polish champions at international championships.

XX

Celem prezentowanych badań było utworzenie statystycznego obraz walki judo w pozycji stojącej i przeanalizowanie zmian w jej obrazie w kolejnych minutach do wykorzystania w pracy trenerskiej. Analiza wideo obejmowała wszystkie walki judo (z atakami w pozycji stojącej) w najcięższej kategorii wagowej (+100 kg) podczas Igrzysk Olimpijskich w Londynie 2012. Obliczono wskaźniki efektywności i skuteczności, które zastosowano do przedstawienia struktury walki w funkcji wykonywanej ilości ataków. Zaobserwowano różne tendencje w liczbie ataków: spadek liczby ataków do tyłu, wzrost liczby ataków do przodu, zmiany w skutecznością ataku, co spowodowało zmieniający się w czasie obraz walki. Tworzenie nowego (po zmianie przepisów) przebiegu/obrazu walki judo daje dodatkowe możliwości poprawy pracy trenersko–szkoleniowej. Umożliwia również ocenę skuteczności wprowadzonych zmian w przepisach judo. Dodatkowo nowo utworzony obraz przebiegu walki powinien być porównany z obrazem uzyskanym w trakcie Mistrzostw Polski, oraz skonfrontowany z wynikami polskich mistrzów w zawodach międzynarodowych.

8

Negatywne konsekwencje dyplomacji sportowej dla wizerunku państwa. Przykład letnich igrzysk olimpijskich w Rio de Janeiro

88%

Kobierecka A.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2018

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issue 4(369)

105-116

EN

Sport is one of the tools frequently used by states in the process of their image creation, strengthening their soft power and possibilities of influencing the international environment. One of such methods of reaching those goals is organization of sport mega-events that have an international outreach. The aim of this article is to show the possible negative consequences for a state’s image that result from organizing such a sport mega-event. The analysis conducted is based on the example of the Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. The hypothesis stated in the article claims that some forms of sport diplomacy and image creation sport diplomacy that depend on the state’s actions can weaken the state’s image or at best not influence it in a positive way.

9

Prolegomena for Considerations on Western Sport and Spiritualism

75%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2009

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vol. 47

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issue 1

79-88

EN

Sport activity of achievement-oriented (professional, Olympic, spectacular character) is first of all exposition of rivalry and striving for variously understood sports success (resulting from measurable or discretionary criteria). It refers to winning a competition or taking another expected place as well as to other forms of satisfaction, such as financial gratification or social (political, ethnic, professional) recognition. Spirituality is here neither an aim, nor an expected value - it constitutes rather an additional or redundant quality. A competitor focuses his/her attention first of all on the main aim assumed in planned or current rivalry. Emotional sensations which are experienced by athletes before, during or after competitions testify to mental and emotional stress which accompanies sports combat.It is also difficult to associate spirituality or spiritualism with sport for all - like, for example, that of health-oriented character - sport of the disabled, physical education, sport of playful character or physical recreation. That difficulty results from the fact that neither spiritualism, nor spirituality inspires for physical activity in the abovementioned fields; neither spiritualism, nor spirituality is the outcome of activity in the realm of sport for all.Exceptions are constituted by ancient Olympic Games as well as by some experiences connected with recreational forms of tourism mediated through achievement-oriented sport (also by pre-Columbian Native American societies and Maoris aboriginal population of New Zealand).For example Hellenic Olympic Games were a highly spiritualized form of sports rivalry - including also rivalry in the field of art, and especially in the field of theatre. They were one of numerous forms of religious cult - of worshipping chosen gods from the Olympic pantheon. On the other hand, during mountain hiking and mountain climbing there can appear manifestations of deepened spirituality characteristic for the object of spiritualization of non-religious, quasi-religious or strictly religious qualities.I would like to explain - at the end of this short abstract - that spiritualism (which should not be confused with spiritism) is - generally speaking - first of all a philosophical term assuming, in ontological and axiological sense, that spiritual reality, self-knowledge, consciousness or mental experiences are components of the human being - components of a higher order having priority over matter. They constitute, in the anthropological context, beings of a higher order than the body.Spiritualism according to its popular interpretation means spirituality. Qualities which are ascribed to that notion in particular societies can be determined on the basis of empirically oriented sociological research. They make it possible to determine various ways of interpreting and understanding that notion as well as views or attitudes connected with it.

10

Sport a polityka. Olimpijskie medale sportowców niemieckich (1896-2012)

75%

Andrzejewski M.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2013

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issue 2(347)

233-248

EN

German athletes came first in the medal tally of the Summer Olympic Games only once, in 1936 in Berlin. However, the team of the FRG, GDR or Germany came first in the medal tally of the Winter Games five times. In the all-time tally German athletes hold the third position, overtaken only by teams from the USA and Russia (USSR). This shows that for over a century Germany has played a leading role in the Olympic Games and is a sport power.

11

ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКА АГОНІСТИКА ТА ЇЇ ЗВ’ЯЗОК ЗІ СПОРТИВНИМИ ФЕСТИВАЛЯМИ МІСТ ПІВНІЧНОГО ПРИЧОРНОМОР’Я

75%

Лазоренко С., Чхайло М., Романова В.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 5(49)

77-86

EN

The article deals with the historical aspect of appearing, establishing and developing of sport feasts (agons) and traditions of ancient Greece, which took place during the Olympic four-year period in every state-city of colonial and metropolitan Greece. Thus the sport feasts for ancient Ellins ment the main form of society’s life and culture. Sport festivals for ancient Ellins were the integral part of panegyric shows devoted to one or another Gods – the Patrons of Greek cities. Each Greek state-city in those times obligatory provided mysteries for two representatives of Olympic Pantheon. The sport events were of initial character where young boys and girls showed their physical and mental abilities and would become the proper members of the ancient Greek society. Starting from the VIII century B. C. the institutions called ancient Greek agonistics identified into the main element of ancient Greek life because the Agons began working as the means of Greek citizens’ consolidation. With a help of Ellin sailors of Mileth Greece expended the border of its native land and owned the new settlements on the North part of Black Sea coast. The Greek brought to the new lands their culture and traditions. That’s why the ancient Greek Agonistics reached the state-cities of Pont Evksinskiy. Athletic activities in the life of the Greeks takes the most important place, thanks to agonistic Greeks also identified themselves as a mighty, cultural and military ethnos of ancient times in the Mediterranean region. Ancient Greek agonistics had an impact on sports festivals of cities-policies the Northern Black Sea. The main sports that were included in the programme of activities in metropolises such as athletics, wrestling, pankration, chariot races, and the like, have found their place in the tournament regulations of colonial cities in Ancient Greece. The prospect of further research should be the introduction of the information received about Agonistics of Ancient Greece and its influence on sports festivals of the cities of the Northern Black Sea to the lecture course of the discipline “Olympic sport”.

12

IGRZYSKA OLIMPIJSKIE W NAGŁÓWKACH ZAMKNIĘTE

75%

Grochala B.

Zeszyty Naukowe KUL

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2017

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vol. 60

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issue 2

21-35

EN

The article presents newspaper headlines of articles discussing the participation of Polish athletes in Olympic games in the 1988-2016 period. The headlines were extracted from 3 sources: a general daily “Gazeta Wyborcza”, a specialized sports daily “Przegląd Sportowy” and a tabloid “Super Express”. The analysis allowed for two main conclusions: the interest in sports is on the rise (which is expressed by the increasing number of articles being devoted to the topic); however, the Olympics are to a large extend depicted as a show, not as a sports event. The image of the Olympic games in the media is dynamic and increasingly tabloidlike.

PL

Artykuł gromadzi nagłówki z trzech gazet: ogólnotematycznej „Gazety Wyborczej”, specjalistycznego „Przeglądu Sportowego” oraz tabloidalnego „Super Expressu” zapowiadające artykuły dotyczące występów Polaków na wybranych igrzyskach olimpijskich z lat 1988-2016. Ich analiza pozwoliła na wyciągnięcie dwóch podstawowych wniosków – wzrasta zainteresowanie sportem, o czym świadczy dużo większa liczba artykułów poświęcony tej tematyce, jednak w dużej mierze jest to zainteresowanie wydarzeniem ujmowanym jako show, a nie w kategoriach czysto sportowych. Obraz igrzysk w mediach jest dynamiczny, zmierzający ku powszechnej tabloidyzacji.

13

Sportwunderland DDR – powstanie i upadek sportowego mocarstwa

75%

Wojtaszyn D.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2016

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issue 4(361)

135-151

EN

The German Democratic republic, despite limited economic and demographic opportunities, achieved an incredible success in sports, becoming in the second half of the 20th century a real sports superpower. Competition at the international level, especially the Olympic Games were arenas for the presentation of the country’s supremacy in sport, on account of which it began to be called "Sportwunderland". The article attempts to identify the most important components of the sport success of the GDR - institutional structures and implementation of the achievements of science in sport, together with the pathological use of prohibited pharmacological assistance, as well as methods of acquiring and selecting outstanding sportspersons. In addition, the article provides an analysis of the situation of East German sport after the unification of Germany and discusses ways of dealing with the dark sides of its past.

14

Propaganda III Rzeszy w przeddzień XI. letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich w Berlinie w 1936 roku (w świetle „Völkischer Beobachter” – naczelnego organu NSDAP)

75%

Stępiński M.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

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2015

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issue 3

9-42

EN

March 16th, 1933 is one of the most important dates in the history of the international Olympic Games movement and the Olympic Games themselves. It was on that day that the decisions concerning the planned 11th Olympic Games in 1936 were made in Berlin. The decision to confer the honour of organising the 1936 Olympics to the capita of the Weimar Republic was taken in May 1936. After January 30th, 1933 the Nazis inherited the Olympic Games from the Weimar Republic, the regime they sincerely despised. They saw the benefits resulting from using the Olympic Games as an instrument for propagating their own ideas. That is why they put aside their negative attitude towards the Olympic idea. The main organiser of the Olympic Games was not the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda headed by Joseph Goebbels but the so called ‘Great Troika’ composed of Theodor Lewald, Karl Ritter von Halt and Carl Diem. The article presents the action taken by the newspaper ‘Völkischer Beobachter’, the official organ of the NSDAP; the newspaper made a considerable contribution to the great success of the Nazi Regime’s propaganda, which the 11th Olympic Games turned out to be long before the opening ceremony.

15

Rio de Janeiro, Winter 2011 - The cidade maravilhosa’s expectations and contradictions

75%

Clemente M.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2012

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issue 06

78-83

EN

A Rio de Janeiro crossing during the Winter of 2011. Urban, social and economic contrasts and contradictions of a city that is preparing to host the World Cup in 2014 and the Games of the XXXI Olympiad in 2016. The ‘street cleaning’ of cidade maravilhosa: the next sporting competitions and respective ‘showcasing’ will show neither people living on the streets nor rampant drug trafficking. The city seems to look forward to the events while at the same time the common people have different opinions: from hopes of a new opportunity for Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, to fears of new contradictions, speculations and iniquities.

16

Olympic Opera

63%

Pawłucki A.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2023

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vol. 23

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issue 4

56-67

EN

Problem. In this essay I take up the issue of sport and art. The craftsmanship in combat sports determines that warrior creates a work of art (Martial Arts). Similarly, every sport can be considered as the art of movement. But this is not the understanding of the relationship between sport and art. The problem is whether the Olympic Game itself (in the singular) can be recognized as a separate art in analogy to opera seria. The Olympic Game is art because it is a theatricalization of the drama of the life of a man of peace. Method. In recognizing the Olympic Game as a work of art, the semiological and axiological criterion of symbolic culture was used. The Olympic Games of the naive phase – the utopian philosophy of Olympism – were compared to the realistic-objective phase – theoretically probable. Results. It has been shown that the Olympic Game is a ritual stadium event that symbolizes the idea of a cyclical rebirth of life. The sports agonism itself, which ends in reconciliation in friendship, symbolizes Olympic peace. For these two reasons, the stadium Olympics can be considered a work of art theatrum olympicum. The difference between the truce as a state of warlessness in ancient Olympia and the Olympic peace was explained. Conclusion. There is no axionormative continuity in the making of the art of the Olympic Games. The Olympic Game is a work of art telling about the misfortune of war, which is overcome not by the state of no-war (ekecheiria), but by a completely real conversion to the path of a decent life. The law of friendship is not confirmed when haters and supporters of war crimes infiltrate the stadium. The real destroyer of sports law, due to his moral disability, cannot have access to the sign reality of the Olympic Games.

PL

Problem. W tym eseju autor podejmuje zagdnienie sportu i sztuki. Kunszt wykonawczy w sporcie walki przesądza, że działający wojownik tworzy dzieło sztuki (Martial Arts). Analogicznie każdy sport może być rozpatrywany jako sztuka ruchu. Ale nie o takie rozumienie związku sportu ze sztuką tu chodzi. Problem dotyczy tego, czy samo igrzysko olimpijskie (w liczbie pojedyńczej) może być ujmowane jako dziedzina sztuki odrębnej, analogiczna do opera seria. Igrzysko olimpijskie jest sztuką dlatego, że jest teatralizacją dramatu życia człowieka pokoju. Metoda. W rozpoznawaniu igrzyska olimpijskiego jako dzieła i dziedziny sztuki posłużono się kryterium semiologicznym i aksjologicznym kultury symbolicznej. Porównano igrzyska olimpijskie fazy naiwnej - utopijnej filozofii olimpizmu do fazy realistyczno-obiektywnej -teoretycznie uprawdopodobnionej. Wyniki. Wykazano, że igrzysko olimpijskie jest rytualnym wydarzenie stadionowym, które symbolizuje ideę odradzającego się cyklicznie życia. Sama agonistyka sportowa, która kończy się pojednaniem w przyjaźni, symbolizuje pokój olimpijski. Z tych dwóch powodów można uznać stadionowe igrzysko za dzieło sztuki theatrum olympicum. Wyjaśniono różnicę między rozejmem jako stanem bezwojnia w starożytnej Olimpii a pokojem olimpijskim. Pokój neoolimpijski, to nie bezwojnie, a duch przyjaźni, nawiedzający społeczność stadionu po zawodach. Wnioski. Nie istnieje żadna ciągłość aksjonormatywna w tworzeniu sztuki igrzyska olimpijskiego. Igrzysko olimpijskie jest dziełem sztuki opowiadającym o wojennym nieszczęściu, które zostaje przezwyciężone nie stanem bezwojnia ekecheiria, ale całkiem realnym nawróceniem się na drogę godziwego życia. Zawody sportowe tworzą, według libretta filozofa olimpizmu, metaforę społeczeństwa sprawiedliwości społecznej. Prawo przyjaźni nie potwierdza się, kiedy do stadionu przenikają nienawistnicy i zwolennicy wojennych przestępstw. Realny niszczyciel prawa sportowego z powodu ułomności moralnej, nie może mieć dostępu do znakowej rzeczywistości igrzyska olimpijskiego.

17

An Update on the Rule and Scoring Equipment Modification Issues of the World Taekwondo (WT) Competition System

63%

Moenig U., Kim M., Choi H., Sim S.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2023

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vol. 23

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issue 1

44-52

EN

Background. A couple of earlier studies described the rule and scoring equipment modification issues of the World Taekwondo (WT) competition system, initiated after the turn of the millennium as a result of multiple scandals and irregularities concerning match- fixing, lack of transparency, and nepotism in taekwondo institutions. Moreover, taekwondo matches were generally perceived as not being interesting to watch for spectators. However, these earlier studies were highly critical of the Protector & Scoring System (PSS) and the complicated, ever-changing Competition Rules and Interpretations, introduced progressively as a consequence of these issues and scandals. Problem and Aim. This study aims to find out if taekwondo experts support the criticism voiced in these earlier studies. Method. This present study puts the criticism voiced in these articles to the test by means of an anonymous survey of relevant taekwondo experts, such as (present and former) national team coaches and domestic (South) Korean middle-, high school, and university team coaches. Results. The survey provides mixed results; on some issues, the results are in agreement with the criticism expressed in the earlier studies, but on other positions, they diverge. The most important findings are that the majority of coaches prefer the PSS to a conventional, human judging system, despite the negative effects of the PSS on taekwondo techniques applied in competitions. In agreement with findings in previous articles, the majority of coaches perceive the general competition rules as too complicated, but they strongly support the present, multiple points scoring rules. Conclusion. The domestic Korean coaches appear relatively satisfied with the state of affairs of domestic and international taekwondo institutions. On the other hand, half of the national team coaches, especially the non-Asian ones, are not pleased with their domestic taekwondo federations, but, are generally also supportive of the WT leadership and the Kukkiwon.

PL

Tło. Kilka wcześniejszych opracowań dotyczyło kwestii modyfikacji zasad i sprzętu systemu punktującego w czasie zawodów World Taekwondo (WT), zapoczątkowanego na przełomie ubiegłego tysiąclecia w wyniku licznych afer i nieprawidłowości dotyczących ustawiania zawodów, braku przejrzystości i nepotyzmu w instytucjach taekwondo. Ponadto zawody taekwondo były ogólnie postrzegane jako nieciekawe dla widzów. Jednak te wcześniejsze badania były bardzo krytyczne wobec systemu punktującego Protector & Scoring System (PSS) oraz skomplikowanych, ciągle zmieniających się zasad zawodów i interpretacji, wprowadzanych stopniowo w wyniku tych problemów i skandali. Problem i cel. Niniejsze badanie miało na celu sprawdzenie, czy eksperci taekwondo popierają krytykę wyrażoną w tych wcześniejszych badaniach. Metoda. Badanie poddaje próbie krytykę wyrażoną w tych artykułach za pomocą anonimowej ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród odpowiednich ekspertów taekwondo, takich jak (obecni i byli) trenerzy reprezentacji narodowych oraz krajowi (południowokoreańscy) trenerzy drużyn gimnazjalnych, średnich i uniwersyteckich. Wyniki. Ankieta daje mieszane wyniki; w niektórych kwestiach wyniki są zgodne z krytyką wyrażoną we wcześniejszych badaniach, ale w innych stanowiskach są rozbieżne. Najważniejsze ustalenia są takie, że większość trenerów woli PSS od konwencjonalnego, ludzkiego systemu sędziowania, pomimo negatywnego wpływu PSS na techniki taekwondo stosowane w zawodach. Zgodnie z ustaleniami zawartymi w poprzednich artykułach, większość trenerów postrzega ogólne zasady rywalizacji jako zbyt skomplikowane, ale zdecydowanie popiera obecne zasady wielokrotnej punktacji. Wniosek. Lokalni koreańscy trenerzy wydają się względnie zadowoleni ze stanu rzeczy w krajowych i międzynarodowych instytucjach taekwondo. Z drugiej strony połowa trenerów reprezentacji narodowych, zwłaszcza spoza Azji, nie jest zadowolona ze swoich krajowych federacji taekwondo, ale generalnie wspiera również kierownictwo WT i Kukkiwon.

18

INFORMATION AND PROTEST ACTIONS OF CANADIAN UKRAINIANS AT THE 1976 OLYMPIC GAMES IN MONTREAL

63%

Siromskyi R.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

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2019

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issue 28

106-120

EN

The article describes the preparation and holding of information and protest actions of Canadian Ukrainians at the Summer Olympic Games of 1976 in Montreal. Thanks to these actions, the Ukrainian issue was at the center of attention (at least in the United States and Canada), along with the boycott of the Olympics by a number of African countries and the denial of the Taiwan team. Therefore, an effort by Canadian Ukrainians in this regard can be considered successful enough. After the World War II, a movement emerged in the Diaspora for the participation of Ukrainian athletes in the status of an independent team at the Olympic Games, and its participants substantiated the thesis of “sports colonialism”. For this purpose, the Ukrainian Olympic Committee (UOC) was created in 1952. The UOC was preparing information about Ukrainian Olympians by requesting the International Olympic Committee to ensure the independent participation in competitions of the Ukrainian team, on the grounds that the Ukrainian SSR was a full member of the United Nations. On the eve of the 1976 Olympics, led by Yaroslav Pryshlyak, the Ukrainian Olympic Committee in Montreal was created. In April 1976, the Provincial Department of the Ukrainian Canadian Committee (UCC) in Quebec opened an Information Bureau whose task was to coordinate public initiatives. At the same time, such mass events as the Olympics served as a good media propaganda for information campaigns of Ukrainian organizations in the free world in order to draw attention to the problem of human rights violations in the Ukrainian SSR. As a result, the 1976 Olympic Games took place in the context of anti-Soviet actions (flagging blue-and-yellow flags during competitions, distributing information materials to the guests of the Olympics, calls for the release of Ukrainian political prisoners, holding thematic exhibitions and press conferences). The leaflets distributed by representatives of Ukrainian youth organizations condemned the Soviet regime and put forward slogans for the release of political prisoners, respect for human rights and the decolonization of Ukraine. Based on the materials of the former KGB, it is shown how the Soviet side tried to prevent such “hostile manifestations” by resorting to thorough ideological treatment of athletes and pressure on Canadian law enforcement agencies to disrupt the measures planned by Canadian Ukrainians. In preparation for the visit of the Olympic team of the USSR to Montreal, a special representative of the KGB to ensure the security of the Soviet delegation specifically flew to Canada to negotiate with representatives of Canadian special services. At the same time, there were preparations for advocacy aimed at improving the image of the Soviet Union in the international arena. In addition to measures to neutralize anti-Soviet actions, the KGB did not mind the opportunity to create negative publicity of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Canada.

19

Promocja miasta, państwa i idei – „zielona” ceremonia otwarcia IO Rio 2016 w przekazach medialnych na świecie

63%

Sajna R.

Zeszyty Naukowe KUL

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2018

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vol. 61

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issue 2

321-332

EN

Olympic Games are not only global sport events, but also a great opportunity to brand cities and countries that host sportsmen and sportswomen from around the world, and to promote ideas. The opening ceremony of the Rio Olympics 2016 was full of “green” (ecological) messages and symbols, beside of presented cultural, historical and environmental values of Brazil. In this article some effects of a content analysis of media (opinion newspapers on-line) from 30 countries from different continents were presented to answer the question: how the global media coverage could serve to promote Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the idea of the sustainable development.

PL

Igrzyska olimpijskie są nie tylko globalnym wydarzeniem sportowym, ale także doskonałą okazją do promocji miast i państw, goszczących sportowców z różnych stron świata, oraz idei. Ceremonia otwarcia Olimpiady Rio 2016 zawierała – obok prezentacji walorów kulturowych, historycznych i środowiskowych Brazylii – proekologiczne przesłanie i wiele „zielonych” symboli. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano efekty analizy zawartości mediów (dzienników opiniotwórczych on-line) z 30 państw z różnych kontynentów w celu odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób przekazy medialne na świecie służyć mogły promocji Rio de Janeiro, Brazylii oraz idei zrównoważonego rozwoju.

20

Rule and equipment modification issues in World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) competition

63%

Moenig U.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2015

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vol. 15

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issue 4

3-12

EN

Background: At the beginning of the new millennium, the WTF was entangled in a variety of high-level scandals involving its leadership. In addition, taekwondo matches were often considered too boring to watch for audiences, and the IOC demanded more transparency in taekwondo’s scoring process. As a result, the taekwondo establishment feared for its continuing membership as an official discipline in the Olympic Games. Therefore, the WTF initiated a variety of far-reaching rule and equipment changes during the past decade. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the results of the rule changes and equipment modifications introduced to the competition system of the WTF after the year 2000. Method: The methodology used included the analysis of documents. In addition, general observations and interviews played a role in the process of deduction and synthesis. Results and Conclusion: Presently, the desired outcomes of the rule changes and equipment modifications have not been entirely accomplished. While there have been various improvements in the overall competition system, several unintended and unanticipated consequences have arisen from recent modifications. Moreover, it seems that the single-minded focus by the WTF on keeping taekwondo’s Olympic membership status has not always been the best for the sport.

PL

Na początku nowego tysiąclecia, WTF (Światowa Federacja Taekwondo) została uwikłana w szereg skandali na wysokim szczeblu, z udziałem jej liderów. Ponadto turnieje taekwondo były często uznawane za zbyt nudne do oglądania dla widzów, w związku z czym dalsza obecność taekwondo, jako oficjalnej dyscypliny w igrzyskach olimpijskich, stanęła pod znakiem zapytania. Międzynarodowy Komitet Olimpijski zażądał także większej przejrzystości procesu punktacji taekwondo. Ponieważ metoda oceniania została uznana przez sędziów sportowych za zbyt subiektywną, miała zostać zastąpiona przez bardziej obiektywny system. W konsekwencji, WTF zainicjowała szereg daleko idących zmian w przepisach i sprzęcie w ciągu ostatniej dekady. Najbardziej znaczące modyfikacje sprzętu dotyczyły wprowadzenia elektronicznego ochraniacza ciała i, bardzo niedawno, elektronicznego systemu nakrycia głowy, do wskazania automatycznej punktacji kopnięć dla ciała i głowy, eliminując w ten sposób element ludzki. Kilku różnych producentów rywalizowało o oficjalne prawa do dostarczania sprzętu elektronicznego do turniejów, jednak niektóre systemy zostały wprowadzone przedwcześnie. Ponadto, po ponad dziesięciu latach badań i testów, działanie owych systemów ma zapewne wiele istotnych braków. Największym problemem wydaje się fakt, że sportowcy często muszą dostosować swój styl walki do ograniczeń systemów elektronicznych. Zamiast poprawy jakości walk, systemy elektroniczne, często ograniczają i/lub „dyktują" techniki wykorzystywane przez zawodników. Choć wiele osób uważa, że jest to mniejsze zło, niż niekończące się spory wśród sędziów dotyczące punktacji. Ponadto, stopniowo po roku 2000, wprowadzono wiele zmian reguł, mających na celu uatrakcyjnienie konkurencji taekwondo dla widzów. Najważniejszą zmianą dotyczącą reguł było zniesienie pojedynczych punktów (za ciosy i kopnięcia), na rzecz wielu punktów za niektóre spektakularne i trudne kopnięcia, takich jak wysokie kopnięcia w głowę. Poza tym, wprowadzono wiele drobnych alternacji reguł, które znacząco wpłynęły na przebieg walki. Jednak pożądane rezultaty modyfikacji reguł i sprzętu nie zostały w całości zrealizowane. Pomimo różnych ulepszeń całego systemu współzawodnictwa, z ostatnich zmian wyniknęło kilka niezamierzonych i nieoczekiwanych konsekwencji. Nowe zasady, w połączeniu z elektronicznym systemem punktacji, zmieniły znacznie styl walki zawodników, nie zawsze w pozytywny sposób. Wśród różnych efektów, zawody taekwondo częściowo przekształcono z walki full contact w kierunku walki light-contact, przypominającej karate sportowe. Ponadto przyjęcie taekwondo, jako oficjalnej dyscypliny olimpijskiej w 2000 roku, wymagało również zmiany systemu kwalifikacji, ponieważ uczestnicząca liczba sportowców biorących udział w igrzyskach olimpijskich została ograniczona. Podjęto próby przekształcenia taekwondo w bardziej przyjazny dla widza i profesjonalny sport, choć powodzenie tych działań będzie widoczne dopiero w przyszłości. Podsumowując, większość reform reguł taekwondo i modyfikacji sprzętu zostało wprowadzone z myślą o zagwarantowaniu miejsca taekwondo w udziale w igrzyskach olimpijskich. Jednak podejmowane często w pośpiechu i nie zawsze przejrzyste decyzje dotyczące zmian reguł i modyfikacji sprzętu doprowadziły do wielu nieoczekiwanych rezultatów, które nie zawsze były korzystne dla sportowców i sportu. W rezultacie, krytyczna analiza zalet i wad obecnego systemu reguł i urządzeń jest od dawna potrzebna.

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INFORMATION AND PROTEST ACTIONS OF CANADIAN UKRAINIANS AT THE 1976 OLYMPIC GAMES IN MONTREAL

Promocja miasta, państwa i idei – „zielona” ceremonia otwarcia IO Rio 2016 w przekazach medialnych na świecie

Rule and equipment modification issues in World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) competition