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1

PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF PLACEBO ACTION: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND EXPECTANCY

100%
Babel P.
Psychological Studies
|
2006
|
vol. 44
|
issue 3
3-15
EN
The aim of the paper is an attempt to show the relationships between two main contemporary theories of psychological mechanisms of placebo action: classical conditioning and expectancy.Two main contemporary theories of psychological mechanisms of placebo action are presented: classical conditioning and expectancy. The relationships between them are discussed. Arguments are presented for the thesis that the theories does not exclude each other but the range of phenomena they explain is not completely the same. Conditioning involves either conscious learning (acquiring and changing expectancies) or unconscious learning (conditioning not mediated via expectancies). Expectancies are always potentially consciously accessible. They can be acquired and changed by both conditioning and other procedures, for example verbal information. Summing up, either conscious learning (expectancy and conditioning) or unconscious learning (conditioning) can be the mechanism of placebo action.
2

Leki psychotropowe drogą do zrozumienia połączenia między umysłem a mózgiem

88%
Murawiec S.
Studia Philosophiae Christianae
|
2010
|
vol. 46
|
issue 2
87-104
EN
The paper presents current scientific literature review concerning effect of psychotropic medication on highly integrated functions of brain and mind on biological and psychological levels. The effects of medication is not mechanistic but is dependent on psychological and social aspects of situation of the individual person under treatment. After it's administration the dynamic interplay between different psychological and biological processes occur. The review of neurobiological aspects of placebo effects, action of antidepressants on emotional information processing and anxiolytics on fear processing is presented. The paper presents also the theory of psychosis as a state of aberrant salience and the action of antipsychotic drugs in the context of dampening of excessive salience. The results of this research and theories show how complex are mechanism of psychotropic medication influences on human mind.
3

PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NEGATIVE PLACEBO ACTION. AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

88%
Babel P.
Psychological Studies
|
2008
|
vol. 46
|
issue 1
13-24
EN
The aim of the paper is an attempt to research psychological mechanisms of the placebo action (expectancy, classical conditioning and anxiety) and their relationships.The effect of negative placebo as one of the potential effects of the action of placebo administered in the guise of an adverse method or as its component is distinguished. An experiment on psychological mechanisms of negative placebo action (namely hyperalgesic) is presented. The results of the experiment show that expectations are sufficient to induce the effect of negative placebo but conditioning is not sufficient to induce this effect and have no impact on the strength of the effect induced by expectations. A significant relationship between expectations and pain anxiety was determined. It was also demonstrated that it was possible to induce the effect of negative placebo despite the lack of intentionally evoked expectations. The results support expectancy and anxiety but doesn't exclude classical conditioning as the mechanisms of negative placebo action.
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