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1

DISTORTION DEVICES USED IN HUNGARIAN 'ANTI-PROVERBS'

100%
Vargha K., T-Litovkina A.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2007
|
vol. 103
|
issue 2
179-199
EN
Proverbs are not fully fossilized chunks of text; rather, they tend to get adjusted to the language use or mentality of the given period as well as to the context in which they occur. In that light, antiproverbs can be seen as versions of proverbs that constitute a group of texts clearly separated from traditional proverbs. Their common feature is exactly the fact that they modify or distort some traditional text. Individual distorted versions only rarely become commonly known, in most cases, they remain at the level of individual creativity. However, the text type itself occurs in large numbers these days, hence research on proverbs cannot afford to ignore it. Consequently, experts do not only have to collect and publish traditional proverbs but also their distorted derivatives. The present authoresses take it to be their task to provide a formal, functional and stylistic analysis of the latter type, too. In this paper, a taxonomy of formal possibilities is set up to present the favourite ways of distortion of Hungarian anti-proverbs, each illustrated by a couple of examples. It is also discussed which devices of linguistic humour are often used in distorting traditional proverbs. In many cases, these processes of distortion are combined in a variety of ways, sometimes just a few words are retained from the original proverb. On the other hand, it is to be emphasised that parody is only effective if the original can be recognised behind it. Therefore, the distortion of proverbs presupposes familiarity with those proverbs in the first place, and keeps them alive by constantly referring back to them.
2

Since when do we ride the apostles' mare? The cultural--historical background of a Bibleism

80%
Balazsi J. A.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2004
|
vol. 100
298-313
EN
In this essay, the author tries to shed light on the cultural roots of the Hungarian saying 'az apostolok lován megy' (to go on foot; lit. to ride the apostles' horse). Expressions of biblical origin make up a considerable part of the vocabulary of each European nation (e.g. the number of these idiomatic expressions in Hungarian exceeds 1 000). Since these idioms first spread by word of mouth, and were written down only later, they are known in several variants. Many of the parables of the New Testament can be traced back to pre-biblical times (e.g. in Philo's and Origenes's works). The first Hungarian collection of proverbs (1596) already contained sayings that were of biblical origin. After giving a typology of biblical phrases, the author analyses the word 'apostol' and its usage in phraseology, comparing it with biblical texts as well as similar expressions in other languages. All this is needed for the sake of a thorough structural study of 'az apostolok lován' and its equivalents. The sayings of the European languages are, on the whole, divided according to the various language families. Peoples speaking Romance languages and sharing a common territory, believe that it is either the apostle, the saint or the monk who rides the horse; whereas, the speakers in the Balkans travel as apostles, because they borrowed the expression from the Greek. On the basis of the data collected, it looks almost certain that the Hungarian expression (first used in 1792) comes from the German. The idiom is of Germanic origin in Czech and Finnish as well. Medieval Latin 'per pedes apostolorum' (lit. on the apostles' foot) used all over Europe, has no derivative in any European language.
3

Proverbs as recommendations regarding risk taking

80%
Przybyszewski K., Tyszka T., Ulatowska H., Spence W. K.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2005
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vol. 36
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issue 4
224-233
EN
This research focuses on how people evaluate proverbs as recommendations about risk taking. It was found that the rating of a proverb without any context was typically better than the rating of the same proverb when a context was provided. It was also found that the advice given by a proverb was rated no higher than a direct recommendation. Finally, we found that the acceptance of advice given in contradictory proverbs was inconsistent. The inconsistency of ratings was higher for proverbs than for direct recommendations, and for the proverbs in the context of concrete scenarios than for the same proverbs given without any scenario.
4

PAREMIES IN THE CZECH INFORMATION SOURCE THE BEGINNING OF XX-XXI CENTURY: AN INTERLIGUAL CONTEXT (Paremiyi v ches'kykh dzherelakh XX-XXI stolit': mizhmovnyi kontekst)

80%
Danylenko L. I.
Ukrayinska mova (Ukrainian Language)
|
2009
|
issue 3(32)
47-58
EN
The most comprehensive collections of Czech sayings and proverbs of the 20th -beginning 21st century are analyzed including works by V. Fleischganse, J. Zaoralek, J. Spilka, D. Bittnerova and F. Shindler. Main sources of Czech paremiology are researched basing on interlingual parallels, grammar structure and semantics of paremies that constitute two cultural worlds: East-Byzantium and Latin-German. The importance of these collections for Slavic science is defined.
5

SPEECH SCHEMATISMS AS PATTERNS OF EXPRESSION IN GERMAN AND POLISH PRESS HOROSCOPES (Sprachliche Schematismen als Formulierungsmuster in Deutschen und Polnischen Pressehoroskopen)

70%
Schatte C.
Linguistica Silesiana
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2009
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vol. 30
95-112
EN
Press horoscopes are texts that include prophecies to be interpreted by the reader and adjusted to his or her own individual situation. The structure, vocabulary and syntax of horoscopes are characterized by stereotypy and conventionalism. Therefore, all kinds of linguistic schemata, colloquial expressions, idioms, collocations and proverbs can well be applied. This paper shows the forms and functions of such phrases in German and Polish horoscopes.
6

THE LINGUISTIC IMAGE OF 'HEAD' IN HUNGARIAN

70%
Banczerowski J.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2007
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vol. 131
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issue 4
385-403
EN
In this paper, the author makes an attempt to reconstruct the linguistic image of the notion denoted by fej 'head' in Hungarian. The analysis is based on the Hungarian National Corpus, relevant dictionaries and encyclopaedias, proverbs, phraseologisms, as well as linguistic data collected from everyday speech. The prototypical features of 'head' yielded the following aspects of description: (1) the situation of the head within the human or animal body (the head is part of the body, hence the word fej activates the whole human/animal body and profiles the body part concerned); (2) the external appearance of a head: its shape and structure (we refrained from a detailed anatomical analysis presupposing a scientific perspective of orientation and restricted our attention to the linguistic image); (3) the function of the head that is categorized, in the most general structure, as activity (a domain from which several subdomains can be derived by concretisation or specification); and (4) ways of conceptualising the notion of 'head'. The analysis provided makes it clear that, in order to reconstruct the linguistic image of the notion of head in Hungarian, a cognitive basis consisting of several domains has to be taken into consideration. The richness and multifariousness of the linguistic material, the multiplicity of polycategorial manners of conceptualisation suggest that the view of the world emerging behind the word fej faithfully reflects the extraordinary significance of that body part in peoples' lives.
7

NATIONAL STEREOTYPES IN HUNGARIAN AND POLISH PROVERBS AND PHRASEOLOGISMS

70%
Banczerowski J.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2007
|
vol. 131
|
issue 1
76-87
EN
Due to the integration and globalization processes currently taking place in the world, the problem of intercultural communication commands interest to an increasing extent today. The perspective of a united Europe and the related requirement of a possibly conflict-free establishment of tolerance-based relationships among people make it necessary for us to learn more about the complex issues of the functioning of cultural systems, including the reasons of the emergence and spread of stereotypes, pre- and postjudices. The author gives a brief survey of cognitive and psychological/social functions of stereotypes and points out that they are in a close relationship with the categorization and conceptualization of extralinguistic pieces of information. Those two processes are based on a natural ambition of cultural communities, as well as social and ethnic groups, the aim of which is to keep and assert their own values, habits, world view, mentality, cultural specificity, and national identity. Among other ways, these aims tend to be achieved by seeing other nations in a xenophobic perspective. The author discusses this issue using the material of Hungarian and Polish proverbs and phraseo­logical units. Stereotypes are an integral part of one's linguistic world view, a special way of seeing the world through a linguistic and cultural prism.
8
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Twórczy kontynuator czy tylko zręczny naśladowca? Paremia w powieściach kryminalno-historycznych Mariusza Wollnego

61%
Olkusz W.
Literatura i Kultura Popularna
|
2011
|
vol. 17
147-187
EN
Due to the fact that modern paroemilogists and linguists very often complain in their statementsabout the disappearance of tradition in making use of adages, the aim of this article is to verify these woeful observations. The subject of the research are two novels written by Mariusz Wollny (Kacper Ryx and Kacper Ryx i król przeklęty) which represent the historical detective novel in its belligerently-adventurous version. Statistical analysis of both novels proves considerable usage of proverbs and proverbial expressions, typical for the 19th century novel writing. The impressive number of Polish paroemia (701) are also completed with Latin adages (41), French (1), German (3), Russian (1) and Ukrainian (1), being presented in the original linguistic shape. Wollny’s paroemiological competence is, moreover, crystallized by diversified forms of incorporating proverbs, in order to attain a complete formal and semantic text cohesion: grammatical form modification of a proverb (the change of a person, number, tense and mood), shortening of proverbs (apocopes), preceding with a binding phrase, joining proverbs into mini-sequences, the change of one idiomatic element, as well as, paraphrasing and allusion to paroemia. These diversified ways of including proverbs into a directive text, correspond with the multiplicity of the performed functions: indirect characteristic of the character (nationality, social affiliation, the knowledge of communication strategies, education qualification, mentality type, etc.), language style, aesthetic and expressive function. This strategy of artistic conduct is similar to the historical novels of Sienkiewicz, very often definedas an “adventure novel”.
9
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Paremie wczoraj i dziś

61%
Mrháčová E.
Bohemistyka
|
2012
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vol. 12
|
issue 1
61-70
EN
Language always reflects the life of a certain society. Proverbs, which are the product of folk literature, are closely related to the thinking of the community. In the 20th century it was the city and city lifestyle that took over the dominating role in the society, and this fact has left its mark also on proverbs and sayings. The frequency of their occurrence has dropped and their form has undergone transformations changing their original meaning. Proverbs, the fruit of folk literature closely related to country life, are slowly disappearing in their original form from our lives. Several types of transformations they have undergone have deprived them of the original aesthetic and moral values.
10

CONTEMPORARY MODIFICATIONS OF PROVERBS, SAYINGS AND OTHER SMALL FOLKLORE FORMS (Sodobne modifikacije pregovorov, frazemov in drugih folklornih obrazcev)

51%
Babic S.
Slavica Slovaca
|
2010
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vol. 45
|
issue 2
154-161
EN
Small folklore forms are stored in a memory as a unit with figurative meaning, their own rhythm and rhyme. That is why they are appropriate for different modifications. Modifications of proverbs and sayings are as common as proverbs, sayings itself. On the one hand we can follow the creating of the 'new proverbs', where the wit and the language capacity of the creator (though he/she is not known) are seen; but on the other hand, funny modifications of the traditional proverbs are almost more common as the traditional proverbs in Slovene everyday language. One of the youngest modifications is made for commercial purpose. Copy-writers are using small folklore forms to create more memorable commercial, specifically rhythm, rhyme, melody, partly words, form etc. of the proverb/saying/riddle. In the article, the author presents the modifications of small folklore forms in Slovene language and he questions the purpose of the use of small folklore forms for the commercials.
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