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EN
The Order of St. Paul the First Hermit was granted the Pope’s approval of the religious community in 1308. To Poland, the Pauline Fathers were brought at the invitation of Władysław, the Duke of Opole. Altogether, there were twenty-two Pauline monasteries on the Polish territory, with the most important location of Jasna Góra in Częstochowa. Apart from Poland, the Order of St. Paul had influence also on the neighbouring lands of the Bohemian Crown; in the 18th century, there were 102 monks originating from those areas of the Polish Province. Most of them came from Silesia (58 persons) and Moravia (32 individuals), and entered the novitiate between 1761 and 1770 (20 individuals) and between 1721 and 1730 (15 individuals). Most of the monks came from Kroměříž in Moravia (4), Racibórz, Opole in Silesia (3 from each town), Nový Jičín in Moravia (4), Olesno and Wrocław in Silesia (3 from each town), Tarnowskie Gory, Frýdek in Silesia, Příbor and Olomouc in Moravia (2 from each location). When entering the novitiate, the age of the Bohemian Crown subjects were ranged between 16 and 48 years, with most of the candidates being 21 and 22 years old (25 individuals in total). The usual period of time spent in the monastery was between 31 and 40 years, and the average lifespan – 29 years. The monks of the Czech origin usually died at the age of 33–41 and 55–65. A vast majority of the monks were priests (71 individuals) and only 2 of them were secular monks. Friars coming from the Czech lands performed various functions and roles within the Order, like vicar general and definitor general, provincial definitor, prior, sub-prior, provisor and novice master. There was also a large group dedicated to the academic studies and musical composition, as well as various pastoral roles, like preachers, confessors, exorcists and chaplains.
EN
The article presents the history of the parish of the Assumption of the Most Holy Virgin Mary and St Sigismund's parish in Częstochowa as well as the early years in the history of Częstochowa itself.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia historię parafii pod wezwaniem Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny i  parafii pod wezwaniem świętego Zygmunta w Częstochowie oraz początki historii miejscowości Częstochowa.
PL
Istnieje jedynie kilka średniowiecznych kodeksów zawierających notację muzyczną Mszy w rycie paulińskim. Istotnym źródłem do badań nad paulińską muzyką liturgiczną jest Missale Eremitarum S. Pauli wydrukowany przez Johannesa Amerbacha ok. 1490 r. Celem artykułu jest omówienie miejsc pozostawionych przez drukarza pod odręczne wpisanie neum. Miejsce pod notację muzyczną zostało przygotowane we fragmentach Ordinarium Missae, obrzędach Niedzieli Palmowej i Wielkiego Piątku. W sześciu zachowanych egzemplarzach neumy zostały wpisane w odmiennym zakresie. Opracowanie proweniencyjne wykazało, iż egzemplarze były używane w klasztorach kilku krajów.
EN
There exist only few medieval codices containing musical notation for the Mass in the Pauline rite. The significant source for further research of the Pauline liturgical music is Missale Eremitarum S. Pauli printed by Johannes Amerbach about 1490. The objective of this article is to discuss the blank spaces left especially for the addition of handwritten neumes. The space for musical notation was prepared by the printer for parts of the Ordinarium Missae, in ceremonies of the Palm Sunday and Good Friday. In six remaining copies of the missal the neumes were inscribed in various ways. The study of the provenance shows that these copies were used in the monasteries in several countries.
XX
The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit (Ordo Fratrum Eremitarum Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae) was following the spiritual lifestyle of the „first hermit”, Saint Paul of Thebes († 342). The formation of this order started in the first half of the 13th century, when hermits started to live in hermitages in the Patach Mountains in the Diocese of Pécs and in the Pilis Mountains in the south-east of Esztergom, following the example of the Old-Christian hermits in the deserts of Egypt. Blessed Eusebius of Esztergom († 1270) united the hermits who were scattered in caves and around 1250 they built the Holy Cross Monastery close to what is today Kesztölc-Klastrompuszta. Approvals granted by a legate of the Pope, Cardinal Gentilis of Montefiore, were an important step in the process of the formation of this new Order of Pauline Fathers, allowing them to follow the rule of Saint Augustine and create their own constitution. The centre of this monastic society and the seat of the General Priory was the monastery connected to the St. Lawrence Church in Buda. The contemplative nature of the order was clearly implied by their motto Solus cum Deo solo, and the religious practices of the monks included meditation near the relics of saints, the recitation of numerous prayers for the dead and the intensive worship of Mary. The order thrived in the 14th century: while 22 Pauline monasteries were built during the 40 year reign of Louis the Great (1342–1382), 16 monasteries were founded in 70 years plus that followed (1382–1458). The defeat of Hungarian troops at Mohács (1526) did great damage to the order. However, Turkish ravages were not the only cause of the dissolution of the monasteries at that time. The rapidly-spreading ideas of reformation also drew the attention of important Hungarian noblemen; even though they were the descendants of the founders of the monasteries, they converted to Protestantism and appropriated the possessions of the church in their territories.
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