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Диалог Всеволода Гаршина с историей (заметки по поводу „Боярыни Морозовой” Василия Сурикова)

100%
Żejmo B., Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika W. F.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica
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2014
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vol. 07
EN
The author of the article analyzes a review by the Russian writer and critic Vsevolod Garshin for his perception of Vasily Surikov’s painting "Boyarynya Morozova". In the eyes of Garshin Morozova, an apologist of the Old Rite, is an irrational fanatic, sacrificing her life for mere phantoms. Garshin judges Morozova’s martyrdom in a very emotional and subjective way and does not understand the cultural and historic meaning of the act. The personal nature of Garshin’s dialogue with history is emphasized in the article.
2

Dziedziczka Imperium Rosyjskiego Anna Iwanowna 1730–1740

100%
Chojnicka K.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 2
201–216
EN
After the death of its creator, Peter I, Russia owes the continuation of the task of building the empire to four women – Catherine I, Ann, Elizabeth and Catherine II. The above four women had played an important role in the development of the autocratic system in the Russian state. The power of a Tsarist autocratic ruler was the foundation of his political position at least until the middle of the 19th c. The effectiveness in the execution of the rulers resolutions decided about this right to the throne; it constituted a specific legitimization of power. A weak ruler was often removed through armed rebellion or the spreading of rumors whereas a “true,” strong tsar was installed in his place. The imperial power in Russia was unlimited – it was believed to come from God and sometimes it was even identified with the will of the Nation. The latter theory was opposed by Marxist historiography which gave priority to the social-economic structure of Russia. The women ascended to the throne at a difficult moment in Russia’s history, namely after the death of Peter the Great; they were the potential target of attacks from the aristocratic, court, and army opposition circles, as well as the so called Old Believers, or even ordinary people. The rule of Catherine I who became the successor of Peter and the rule of Peter II, was marked by the stigma of rivalry among the aristocratic and courtly circles. Thanks to the support of the Supreme Privy Council, after the death of Peter II, it was Princess Anne of Courland who ascended to the throne in Russia. The assessment of her rule in historiography varies considerably – for instance, the influence of Anne’s favorite – Biron has been rather negatively assessed. The above pejorative appraisal of Princess Anne’s rule may have its source in the way in which the contemporaries tried to justify the Elizabeth’s coming to power in 1717. Anna became a ruler thanks to the support of aristocracy which strove for power in Russia. She accepted the “Stipulations” – or written conditions of her ascension to the tsarist throne; the latter had limited the ruler’s prerogatives. The Imperial Guards and the gentry under the leadership of Prokopowicz and Tatiszczew had stood on the side of strong tsarist rule. Having taken advantage of the support that was granted to her, Anna had seized autocratic rule, liquidated the Privy Council, crushed the opposition of the aristocrats and resumed a continuation of the reforms in the manner of Peter the Great. She strengthened tsarist autocratic authority, laying the foundations for this form of government for the decades to come.
3
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Hledání ideálního státu. Cesta do Ofírské země M. M. Ščerbatova mezi historickým mýtem a utopií

100%
Příhoda M.
Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)
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2016
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vol. 8
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issue 2
78-89
EN
This paper analyses M. M. Shcherbatov’s unfinished work Journey to the Land of Ophyr. Shcherbatov’s utopia reflects upon his own perception of the Russian history which was based on the myth of historical fracture resulting from Peter the Great’s reforms.
4
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Armia Piotra I gwarantem mocarstwowej pozycji Rosji w Europie

84%
Krokosz P.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2020
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vol. 55
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issue 1
9-49
EN
The article is devoted to the problem of total modernisation of the Russian armed forces undertaken by Tsar Peter the Great in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. A large, well organised and well-equipped army, based on the latest war technology of Western Europe, made a tool enabling to realise goals of the imperial policy of Russia. Military successes in the Great Northern War 1700–21, combined with diplomatic actions, made it possible for Peter I to secure for its state – from 1721 officially called the Russian Empire – a position of superpower in the Old Continent.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest tematyce związanej z całkowitą modernizacją rosyjskich sił zbrojnych, podjętą przez cara Piotra I w pierwszej ćwierci XVIII w. Liczna, dobrze zorganizowana i zaopatrzona armia, opierająca się na najnowszych osiągnięciach ówczesnej techniki wojennej państw Europy Zachodniej, stanowiła narzędzie do realizacji wyznaczników imperialnej polityki Rosji. Sukcesy militarne odniesione w trakcie wojny północnej 1700–1721, połączone z prowadzonymi równocześnie działaniami dyplomatycznymi, pozwoliły Piotrowi I zagwarantować swemu państwu – od 1721 r. noszącemu oficjalną nazwę Imperium Rosyjskie – mocarstwową pozycję na Starym Kontynencie.
5
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Access to the Sea and the Imperial Ambitions of Peter the Great

84%
Anisimov E. V., Lewandowska A.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2021
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vol. 86
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issue 4
5-27
EN
Access to the Baltic Sea was the main initial goal of Russia’s participation in the Great Northern War (1700–1721). This military involvement was primarily due to the personal motives of Peter the Great, however, numerous different factors also played an important role. The foundation of St Petersburg, making it the capital city, and fortifying it with a defensive system was aimed at securing the Russian control over the mouth of the Neva. The military operations and diplomatic efforts undertaken by Russia in 1702–1709 were aimed exclusively to maintain access to the sea. At this time, Russia was ready to agree to the peace terms which were to grant it only the old Russian provinces of Ingria and Karelia. However, after the victorious Battle of Poltava of 1709, Peter the Great developed imperial ambitions. Under the pretext of ensuring the security of St Petersburg and ensuring Russia’s access to the sea, the Russians captured Swedish lands in the Eastern Baltic and Finland, and then annexed most of these territories. At the same time, Russian diplomacy constantly ensured of its readiness to conclude peace, but these attempts were rejected by the Swedes. Ten years of warfare and destructive raids on the coastal regions of the Kingdom of Sweden forced the Swedes to negotiate. The Treaty of Nystad of 1721 not only ended the war between Russia and Sweden, but it also became the starting point of the extraordinary development of Peter the Great’s imperial ambitions. Russia entered the world of great European and global politics as an empire, as an aggressive state of despotic character.
6
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Od sprzedawcy pierożków do generalissimusa. Zawrotna kariera Aleksandra Mienszykowa

67%
Krokosz P.
Perspektywy Kultury
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2019
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vol. 24
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issue 1
139-166
EN
The article is devoted to the life and public activities of Alexsander Menshikov. This man, which came from social lowlands, thanks to friendship with Tsar Peter the Great achieved highest positions in the state administration, the Russian Army and also navy. Alexsander Menshikov belonged also to the richest people in Russia (just after the Tsar) – he owned huge estates and numerous production companies. After Peter the Great’s death, without a result, he tried to capture the leadership of all state affairs. In 1727 he was arrested and sentenced, together with his family, to exile to Berezovo in Siberia, where he died two years later. All the assets he collected – money, jewels, palaces and manufactories – were taken over for the benefit of the state.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony życiu i działalności publicznej Aleksandra Mienszykowa. Człowiek ten, pochodzący z nizin społecznych, dzię­ki przyjaźni z carem Piotrem I zdołał osiągnąć najwyższe stanowiska w administracji państwowej oraz najwyższe rangi dowódcze w rosyj­skiej armii i flocie wojennej. Aleksander Mienszykow należał rów­nież do najbogatszych, tuż po carze, ludzi w Rosji – posiadał ogrom­ne majątki ziemskie i liczne zakłady produkcyjne. Po śmierci Piotra I w 1725 r., bez rezultatu, próbował uchwycić w swoje ręce kierownictwo wszystkich spraw państwowych. W 1727 r. został aresztowany i skaza­ny wraz z rodziną na zesłanie do Bieriozowa na Syberii, gdzie zmarł dwa lata później. Cały zgromadzony przez niego majątek – pienią­dze, klejnoty, pałace i manufaktury – został przejęty na rzecz państwa.
7
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Награждения «царедворцев» традиционными московскими чинами в эпоху Петра I

59%
Захаров А. В.
Studia Rossica Gedanensia
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2017
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issue 4
393-416
RU
В статье на основе архивных источников анализируется практика последних пожалований в думные и московские чины в России. В контексте политических событий Петровской эпохи pеконструируются мотивы пожалований в старомосковские чины с 1690-х годов до 1725 года. Уточняются биографии обладателей престижных званий и последние новации в рефоре традиционных чинов для представителей российской служилой элиты. До публикации Табели о рангах институт московского чинопроизводства был важным средством коммуникации верховной власти и подданных, сохранял функцию наградных отличий за службу и имел авторитетные позиции в среде придворных, знати и видных сановников.
EN
The article presents the research results on the last ennoblements to Duma and Muskovite ranks. Based on archival sources, the author reconstructs the reasons for ennoblement in the Musсovite ranks for the period from 1690 to 1725 in the context of the political events of the Petrine era in Russia. The author focuses on biographies of prestigious ranks holders as well as the last innovations into the traditional rank system for the Russian service elite. Before the publication of Tables of ranks, the institution of Moscow rank system was an important way of communication between the supreme power and subjects. The old ranks retained the function of award distinctions for service and had a respected position among courtiers, nobles and prominent dignitaries.
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