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EN
Poles in the Republic of Lithuania are the best organized Polish minority abroad. They are represented at various levels of government, in the media, organizations, and there is an extensive system of education in their mother tongue. The cultural sphere is an important area of their activity. It is mainly focused on folklore. At the same time, there has appeared a number of youth groups performing various styles of music and functioning on the Lithuanian music market, which is, however, marginally covered in the press. Their work does not principally refer to the problems of the life of the Polish community, and it sometimes expresses critical content. However, these performers introduce the Polish language to a wide cultural circulation and strive for a slightly different shape of relations with the Lithuanian majority than the older generations perceive it. They also contribute to the integration of youth communities. Undoubtedly, the generational rebellion, which was often noticeable in the activities of the Polish musicians of young generation, was a response to the challenges of adulthood and, at the same time, constituted a form of patriotism.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present educational policy towards national minorities in Lithu ania (using the example of the Polish-language education system) as a result of the country’s ethnic and language policy since it regained its independence in 1991 until the present day. The period in question was characterised by significant transformations in the sphere of education of national minorities and the search for a model of coexistence of an ethnic majority and an ethnic minority in one state, in which Lithuanian, having the status of the official language, and Polish, the mother tongue of the largest national minority in Lithuania, have played and are still playing a very significant role. The picture of selected problems connected with Polish-language education in Lithuania is complemented by the fact that these problems are seen in a wider political, social and cultural context, where factors such as the social and economic situation of the country, the political culture of the state, the heritage of the past and relations between the two countries play a very important role.
EN
The article presents an analysis of the activities undertaken by Poles in Lithuania following the parliamentary election of 2012. The Polish minority took an active part in the Lithuanian politics. Związek Polaków na Litwie [The Union of Poles in Lithuania] followed by Akcja Wyborcza Polaków na Litwie [Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania] presented their programs for the coming elections. Their involvement in the Lithuanian politics at the national level enabled them to articulate issues important for the Polish community in Lithuania. AWPL participated in the governing coalition. The political circumstances made their proposed solutions not easy to implement. Some problems were temporarily resolved, while most of the important issues remained under discus-sion. The analysis is based on various documents: agreements, treaties, declarations, statements. Also, it uses press material available in the Internet editions.
Eastern Review
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2022
|
vol. 11
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issue 2
89-101
EN
The article contributes to three areas. First, it presents the process of the revival of Polish activity in Lithuania after World War II. Secondly, it focuses on the political activity undertaken by the Polish minority at the state level. Third, in the example of the Soleczniki Municipality District, it characterizes the activity of the Polish minority at the level of local government administration. I attempt to find the following answers: (1) How does the Local Government Council function, whose representatives are mostly people from the Polish minority? (2) Does nationality matter in the functioning of the Council? The choice of the time frame (1990–2016) is dictated by the beginning of the collapse of the USSR and the greatest political success of the Polish party at the parliamentary level in 2016. According to various statistical data, the Polish minority in Lithuania ranges from 200 to 250 thousand inhabitants in 3 million Lithuania. It is an indigenous and well-organized community. The Polish revival in Lithuania after the devastation of World War II began more or less in the 1960s and reached its peak at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. In the newly emerging state, the Polish community was not idle. Associated with the Union of Poles in Lithuania, she began cultural, educational, and political activities. The article is the result of many years of observation of the work of local government activists, preceded by a historical analysis of the emergence of national states and national minorities.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy trzech zagadnień. Po pierwsze, przedstawia, w skrócie proces odrodzenia działalności polskiej na Litwie po II wojnie światowej. Po drugie, skupia się na działalności politycznej podjętej przez polską mniejszość na szczeblu państwowym. Po trzecie, na przykładzie Rejonu Solecznickiego charakteryzuje działalność polskiej mniejszości na szczeblu administracji samorządowej. Poszukuje także odpowiedzi na pytania: (1) jak funkcjonuje Rada Samorządowa, której przedstawicielami w większości są osoby wywodzące się z polskiej mniejszości? oraz (2) czy przynależność narodowa ma znaczenie w funkcjonowaniu Rady? Wybór ram czasowych (1990–2016) był podyktowany początkiem rozpadu ZSRR oraz odniesionym największym politycznym sukcesem polskiej partii na szczeblu parlamentarnym w 2016 r. Polska mniejszość na Litwie według różnych danych statystycznych liczy od 200 do 250 tys. mieszkańców w 3-milionowej Litwie. Jest społecznością rdzenną i dobrze zorganizowaną. Polskie odrodzenie na Litwie po zniszczeniach II wojny rozpoczęło się mniej więcej w latach 60. XX w., a swoje apogeum osiągnęło na przełomie lat 80. i 90. XX w. W nowo powstającym państwie społeczność polska nie była bezczynna. Zrzeszona w Związku Polaków na Litwie rozpoczęła działalność kulturową, oświatową i polityczną. Artykuł jest wynikiem wieloletnich obserwacji pracy działaczy samorządowych poprzedzony analizą historyczną powstania państw narodowych oraz mniejszości narodowych. Główną metodą badawczą jest analiza treści zarejestrowanych wystąpień na posiedzeniach Rady Samorządu Rejonu Solecznickiego, dokumentów samorządowych i Związku Polaków na Litwie. Przydatna była również strona Najwyższej Komisji Wyborczej Republiki Litewskiej z szeroką bazą danych statystycznych każdych wyborów na Litwie.
EN
The paper presents attitudes of Polish minority in Lithuania towards its situation and needs as a national minority living in democratising country exposed in articles from Czerwony Sztandar/Kurier Wileński (Red Banner/Vilnian Courier) between 1988–1990, being the greatest Polish language journal in Lithuania. The journal was the main and most popular Polish language medium that took the role of distributing rules and customs prevailing in democratic country. The journal’s community supported independence for Lithuania and encouraged Poles to join in for the creation of independent country. The author claims that the journal was unjustly accused by Lithuanian conservative communities of anti-lithuanian and anti-national attitudes.
EN
The article is a description of the situation of Polish culture in Lithuania and the environment in which this culture has been created. The diagnosis has highlighted several reasons for its weakness, such as the deteriorating demographics of Poles in Lithuania, and the poor economic situation in the region which they mostly inhabit. The bad situation has also been a result of the lack of Polish intelligentsia in Lithuania after the Second World War and the slow pace of its restoration. Other reasons include the ethnocentrism of this culture, its inward focus, and the lack of interest in other ethnic groups. In spite of everything, in recent years in the Vilnius region attempts have been made to break free from the limitations related to the culture of Eastern Borderlands. A poetic group “New Vilnius Avant-Garde” was founded, and a novel entitled Cień słońca (Shadow of the Sun) and a collection of short stories entitled Thriller po wileńsku (Thriller à la Vilnius) were published.
PL
Artykuł jest opisem kondycji kultury polskiej na Litwie i środowiska ją tworzącego. Zostały zdiagnozowane przyczyny słabości tej kultury, takie jak m.in. pogarszająca się sytuacja demograficzna litewskich Polaków czy zła sytuacja gospodarcza regionu, który w przeważającej większości zamieszkują. Zły stan wynika też z braku inteligencji polskiej na Litwie po II wojnie światowej oraz powolność procesu jej odradzania się. Przyczyn słabości upatruje się ponadto w etnocentryzmie tej kultury, skoncentrowaniu się na sobie i braku zainteresowania innymi grupami etnicznymi. Mimo wszystko w ostatnich latach na Wileńszczyźnie podejmowane są próby wyrwania się z ograniczeń, związanych z kulturą kresową. Została założona grupa poetycka „Nowa Awangarda Wileńska”, ukazała się powieść Cień słońca czy zbiór opowiadań Thriller po wileńsku. Jest to inne niż dotychczas zaprezentowanie polskości na Litwie.
Eastern Review
|
2022
|
vol. 11
|
issue 1
157-180
EN
The article deals with the role of sport in building and maintaining national identity in difficult ethnopolitical conditions. It deals with the history of Lithuania in the twentieth century, where relations between Lithuanians and Poles living in the area were primarily determined by the Polish-Lithuanian dispute over the belonging of the Vilnius region in the interwar period. The different sporting traditions contributed to the preservation of the national identity of both nations during the period of Soviet enslavement, while the sporting successes of Lithuanians in 1947–1988, especially of basketball players on teams representing the Soviet Union, were an element of their political emancipation. It led, together with other factors, to the restoration of Lithuanian independence and, at the same time, conditioned the need to redefine relations between Lithuanians and Poles in Lithuania. In this process, sports usually played a role in bringing the two communities together. The figure of Michał Sienkiewicz evidences this, a sportsman, later an extremely active sportsman for Poles in the Vilnius region, a participant in sports life during Soviet times, including an athletics judge at the legendary pole vaulting competition with Władysław Kozakiewicz at the XXII Olympics in Moscow in 1980. During the period of building the foundations of Lithuanian independence, he initiated and participated in the reconstruction of the Lithuanian National Olympic Committee and the Polish Gymnastic Association “Sokół” in Lithuania.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o roli sportu w budowaniu i podtrzymywaniu tożsamości narodowej w skomplikowanych warunkach etniczno-politycznych. Rzecz dotyczy historii Litwy w XX wieku, gdzie relacje między zamieszkującymi ten obszar Litwinami i Polakami w dużej mierze określał polsko-litewski spór o przynależność Wileńszczyzny z okresu międzywojennego. Odmienne tradycje sportowe przyczyniły się do zachowania odrębności narodowej obu nacji w okresie sowieckiego zniewolenia, jednocześnie sukcesy sportowe Litwinów w latach 1947–1988, zwłaszcza koszykarzy w ramach ekip reprezentujących Związek Sowiecki, stanowiły element ich emancypacji politycznej. Doprowadził on wraz z innymi czynnikami do odzyskania niepodległości przez Litwę i jednocześnie warunkował potrzebę zdefiniowania na nowo stosunków między Litwinami i Polakami na Litwie. Sport odgrywał w tym procesie zazwyczaj rolę łączącą obie społeczności. Zaświadcza o tym postać Michała Sienkiewicza, sportowca, później niezwykle aktywnego działacza na rzecz sportu Polaków na Wileńszczyźnie, uczestnika życia sportowego w czasach sowieckich, między innymi sędziego lekkoatletycznego podczas legendarnego dla Polaków konkursu skoku o tyczce z udziałem Władysława Kozakiewicza, odbywającego się w ramach Igrzysk XXII Olimpiady w Moskwie w 1980 r. W okresie zaś wznoszenia fundamentów litewskiej niepodległości – inicjatora i uczestnika odbudowy Litewskiego Narodowego Komitetu Olimpijskiego i polskiego Towarzystwa Gimnastycznego „Sokół” na Litwie.
Onomastica
|
2015
|
vol. 59
153-168
EN
The article presents the names bestowed on Polish children in Lithuania after 1990, a topic which merited little scholarly attention to date. First, by way of introduction, the specific Lithuanised written forms of these names are described and compared with their standard Polish and Lithuanian equivalents. The naming trends are then analysed on the basis of three sets of data: the top ten male and female names among Lithuanian Poles (as compared with those in Lithuania and in Poland) in the years 1991, 2000, 2010 and 2013; the names of 1284 students, all born after 1990, from fifteen Polish-language schools in Lithuania; finally, the names given in the years 1991–2011 to children in the municipality of Salčininkai (Soleczniki), where the percentage of Poles is the highest in Lithuania. Interviews with members of the Polish minority in Lithuania, focusing on naming issues, have also been used for fact-finding. The research shows that the name choices of Poles in Lithuania are becoming increasingly different from those in Poland, yet not exactly convergent with Lithuanian trends. Poles almost never use names of Lithuanian origin and prefer instead simple names, not necessarily of Polish origin, that look in writing almost the same in Polish and in Lithuanian. Especially striking among these are Germanic names, such as Edward, Ernest, Eryka, Greta, never particularly popular in Poland.
EN
During the Polish-Lithuanian Union (1385–1795) Polish nobles, clergy, merchants and townspeople were moved to the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This period was negatively assessed by the Lithuanian society because of “polonization” and anarchy. After the First World War, Poles found themselves in a difficult situation in Lithuania. The Lithuanians did not want to reunite with our country and repressed the Polish minority living in the vicinity of Vilnius. Poles were thrown out of flats, Polish schools were closed, and Polish symbols were destroyed. Oppression intensified during World War II, when Lithuania collaborated with the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, wanting to deport Poles from the Vilnius region. Despite the signing by Poland and Lithuania of the “Treaty on Friendly Relations and Good Neighborly Cooperation” in 1994, the situation of the Polish minority is still difficult. Lithuanians violate a number of our minority rights, such as the right to their own education (Article 15 of the Treaty), first and last name (Article 14), bilingual signs to short-circuit towns inhabited by the Polish minority (Article 13 paragraph 2 and Article 15), the right to participate in public life (Article 14), the prohibition of discrimination and assimilation (Article 15), religious rights (Article 13 (2), Article 14 and Article 15) and the right to have own memorial sites (art. 23).
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