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EN
Article is devoted to the issue return to the Polish Poles since the end of World War II after the turn of the time associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union. It is a description of the tests and methods of approach to this compelling phenomenon of migration that is repatriation, in the framework of administrative and legal solutions.
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EN
The following article is aimed at presenting definitions and typologies concerning the issues of representation in the Polish legal system. Synonymous or interchangeable usage of legal terminology concerning representation in economic activity may lead to considerable disruption to proper functioning of civil law entities, and especially commercial law entities.
EN
The aim of the study is to evaluate the eviction and social housing in the Polish legal system. Presenting the selected topic the author focus on the functioning of the eviction and social housing as well as on the Report by the Polish Supreme Chamber of Control in order to prove the deteriorating of the eviction.
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2018
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vol. 63
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issue 1 (378)
41-50
EN
The notion of a document is present in almost all areas of science and life, especially in the law where documents serve as evidence in all types of proceedings, reflect the course of those proceedings, and present the facts that have been established. They also play an important role as evidence collected in audit proceedings, conducted on the basis of the Act on the Supreme Audit Office of 23rd December 1994 – the course thereof is recorded in the form of documents. The study attempts to present the complexity of the notion of a document, and to propose a definition of a document in the prescriptive perspective.
EN
The article discusses the issues associated with the proposed amendments to Regulation No 861/2007 concerning a European procedure for small claims. The Commission, after reviewing the usage of the Regulation in subsequent EU Member States prepared a report and draft amendments. One of the main objectives of the amendment is the digitization of the course of the procedure which consists, in particular, of: the introduction of e-delivery, on-line payments, hearings by teleconference. The above-mentioned ideas are an excellent starting point for further work on the construction of e-justice and information society in European dimension. The article also concerns the amendments which should be introduced into Polish legal system especially in Code of civil proceedings. E-delivery in cross - border civil proceedings should be disseminated among all of Member States of EU in order to shorten the duration of the procedure and minimize costs.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2021
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vol. 11
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issue 3
428-439
EN
This article deals with the presentation of the contractual penalty concept which is regulated in the Czech as well as Polish Civil Code. Then the two are compared, namely their individual aspects, in regard to the aforementioned measure within both legal systems. The first part primarily focuses on the interpretation of the content of measures of contractual penalty and the identification of elementary differences. What follows is the analysis of the functions of contractual penalties, again with emphasis on the comparison of the function of the Czech and Polish contractual penalties. The next part deals with the relationship of the contractual penalty with damages. This stage then deals with to what extent the contractual latitude may be applied in the Polish legal system when setting up the contractual conditions for the application of contractual penalty as well as the compensation of damages resulting from violation of obligation. In conclusion there are presented measures similar to contractual penalty such as penalties and interest on late payments, especially from the Polish legal code’s point of view.
IT
L’oggetto dell’articolo riguarda le restrizioni, presenti nell’ordinamento giuridico polacco, all’acquisto di azioni e quote da parte di stranieri nelle società proprietarie di immobili agricoli (usufrutto perpetuo). La Polonia, come alcuni Paesi dell’UE, ha introdotto specifiche limitazioni alla compravendita degli immobili, ricorrendo sia agli strumenti di diritto privato sia a quelli di diritto pubblico nell’esercitarne il controllo. Il grado di ingerenza da parte del legislatore polacco nelle operazioni di acquisto e vendita di azioni e quote delle società commerciali è stato valutato dal punto di vista giuridico, sulla base della legge in materia di acquisto degli immobili da parte di stranieri e di quella sul regime agricolo.
EN
The subject of this article is restrictions on the acquisition by foreigners of shares in companies that are owners (perpetual usufructuaries) of agricultural real estate under the Polish legal system. Poland, similarly to some other EU Member States, has restricted the freedom to trade in real estate and introduced control over this trade through the use of instruments from the private as well as public law sphere. The degree of interference by the Polish legislator in trading in shares of commercial companies has been assessed basing on the Act on the acquisition of real estate by foreigners and the Act on the shaping of the agricultural system.
PL
Celem pracy jest identyfikacja głównych kosztów transakcyjnych na rynku zamówień publicznych. Koszty transakcyjne dla zamawiającego wynikają głównie z: wszczęcia i przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego, określenia warunków i zawarcia umowy, monitorowania, mierzenia, zachowań oportunistycznych, egzekwowania zapisów umowy, renegocjacji umów i dochodzenia swoich praw oraz rozliczenia i pośrednictwa finansowego. Dla wykonawcy koszty transakcyjne wiążą się z: przygotowaniem i złożeniem oferty, zawarciem umowy, uwiarygodnieniem, informacją, mierzeniem, dostosowaniem systemu organizacyjnego, realizacją umów z pracownikami, stratą rezydualną, egzekwowaniem zapisów umowy oraz rozliczeniami i pośrednictwem finansowym. Ważną rolę w procesie zmniejszania kosztów transakcyjnych powinno odgrywać państwo, np. poprzez zwiększenie sprawności aparatu sądowniczego i rozwój arbitrażu.
EN
The purpose of the work is to identify the main transaction costs on the public procurement market. Transaction costs for the ordering party result mainly from: initiation and conduct of public procurement proceedings, determination of conditions and conclusion of the contract, monitoring, measuring, opportunistic behavior, enforcement of contract provisions, renegotiation of contracts and enforcement of their rights, as well as settlement and financial intermediation. For the contractor, the transaction costs relate to: preparation and submission of the offer, conclusion of the contract, credibility, information, measurement, adjustment of the organizational system, performance of contracts with employees, residual loss, enforcement of the contract, billing and financial intermediation. An important role in the process of reducing transaction costs should be played by the public sector, for example by increasing the efficiency of the judicial apparatus and the development of arbitration.
PL
Artykuł umożliwia wgląd w polską historię prawa czasów wczesnonowożytnych z niezwykłej perspektywy, a mianowicie z punktu widzenia współczesnych uczestników polskiego systemu prawnego, w szczególności systemu sądowego. Z tego względu niniejsza praca prezentuje niezgłębiane dotąd źródła epoki wczesnonowożytnej, niepublikowane listy w języku łacińskim głównego humanisty Polskich Inflantów, Dawida Hilchena (1561–1610). Artykuł koncentruje się na zasadniczej kwestii wskazanej przez Hilchena, jego własnym udziale w postępowaniach przed inflanckimi (ryskimi) i polskimi sądami w powództwie przeciw Ryskiej Radzie Miasta na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Przypadek ten stanowi dobry przykład tego, jak łatwo sprawa, pomimo wielu obostrzeń prawnych na przestrzeni dłuższego okresu i mimo nie najsilniejszej w tym czasie władzy królewskiej, była w stanie zmienić swoją właściwość z jurysdykcji miasta na właściwość państwową.
EN
This article offers an insight to the Early Modern Polish history of law from an unusual perspective: namely, which was the contemporary view to the Polish legal and especially court system. For that, an almost unexplored Early Modern source, the unpublished Latin correspondence by the central humanist of Polish Livonia David Hilchen (1561–1610), is used. In this paper, the principal issue touched by him, his own legal proceedings in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth before the Livonian (Riga’s) and Polish courts against Riga City Council are dealt with. It presents a good example of how, despite many legal obstacles over an elongated period, a case could move from under city jurisdiction to state jurisdiction, even at a time when royal power was not at its strongest.
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