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Natura przywilejów osobowych i rzeczowych (KAN. 78 §§ 1-3 KPK)

100%
Dzierżon G.
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
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2012
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vol. 31
25-33
EN
Author in of the presented article focused his attention on the nature of personal and real privileges. As the study shows, the legislator took a stance on the issue of the nature of privileges in can. 78 §§ 1-3 CIC. The legal definition of privilege codified in can. 76 1 CIC contains a presumption allowing for the opposite evidence. This means that the permanence of a decision of this type is of a conditional nature. In other words, it is not an essential element of this institution. Can. 78 §§ 2-3 CIC, on the other hand, codifies the dispositions concerning the cessation of two principle categories of privileges, i. e. personal and real privileges. The cessation of both types of privileges is of a natural character. A personal privilege granted to an individual is extinguished with the person’s death and is not inherited by the heirs whereas a privilege concerning a legal personality ceases when the conditions codified in can. 120 § 1 CIC are met. Finally, a real privilege becomes extinguished through the complete destruction of be thing or place. Still, in the case of a local privilege, the legislator bases on legal fiction allowing for the revival of a privilege if the destroyed place is restored within fifty years. In conclusion, the author points out that prescriptive arrangements concerning the nature of personal and real privileges codified in can. 78 § 1-3 CIC result from positive law. The legislator establishing them bases on the mechanism of legal fiction.
2

Censorship Measures in Bohemia in the Period 1547–1621

63%
Stuchlíková M.
West Bohemian Historical Review
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
73–89
EN
The article tries to record all important censorship measures issued in Bohemia before the battle at the White Mountain and to trace up the principles of current functioning of the censorhip in practice. The censorship measures were mainly used as a tool in the struggle between the king and the Estates and rather responded to the immediate situation. Despite a large number of individual commands, the effect of them was more shortterm and unproductive. The king’s constant attempt of full control of the situation via the representative bodies represents the main line of the state censorship policy, which was at the end of the period supported by the Catholic Church. The conditions in the country were even more complicated by the fact of two legaly existing reliongs and by the quickly spreading reformation.
3
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Uprzywilejowane drukarnie we Lwowie doby staropolskiej

51%
JUDA M.
Folia Bibliologica
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2013-2014
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vol. 55-56
11-18
EN
As in many cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the owners of some printing houses in Lwów benefited from privileges granted by the King and catholic or orthodox authorities. Printing houses took advantage of royal rather than city jurisdiction as it made them exempted from certain obligations of citizenship (taxation, fees), guaranteed copyright protection and provided with monopoly power. Among the most prominent privileged printers and booksellers in Lwów were: Paweł Józef Golczewski, Jan Filipowicz, Józef Mościcki, Szlichtyn brothers, Michał Śloska and “Stauropigialna” printing house.
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