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EN
Cabane à sucre (Sugar house) is one of the most important elements of the traditional culinary culture of Quebec linked to maple syrup production in Eastern part of Canada. Every year in March, people gather in huts and houses to celebrate the beginning of the Maple Season. Among the traditional dishes, there are mainly Indian and French dishes. The most important element is the maple syrup which is served with every dish.
EN
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate, based on the example of two Canadian journals, how memory remains alive after the events of 1755, when the deportation of the Acadians took place. In spite of the 250 years which have passed since the event, the French-language press in Canada remains extremely sensitive to the topic of the expulsion of the French from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by the British, and it frequently expresses its attachment to the memory of the Acadians.
FR
Transfiguration est un recueil poétique dans lequel non seulement la création se transforme en traduction, mais de plus, c’est la traduction qui déclenche un acte créateur. Deux poètes canadiens, un Anglophone E.D. Blodgett et un Francophone Jacques Brault, mènent un dialogue original : chacun écrit un poème dans sa langue maternelle, et puis, chaque fragment consécutif constitue une réponse à un poème précédent, ce qui constitue une mosaïque franco-anglaise extraordinaire. Qui plus est, tout le recueil est doté d’une dimension traductologique, comme c’est Brault qui traduit les poèmes de Blodgett et vice versa. Le recueil sans précédent constitue l’un des rares exemples d’une liaison entre les deux cultures : québécoise et canadienne. De surcroît, il est une illustration intéressante du phénomène provenant de la charnière des cultures, langues et activités créatives. Le présent article décrit la spécificité de l’écriture bilingue et cherche à répondre à la question sur des possibilités de traduire un texte ainsi construit vers une troisième langue.
EN
Transfiguration is a poetry collection in which not only creation is transformed into translation, but it is translation that triggers an act of creative writing. Two Canadian poets, an Anglophone - Edward D. Blodgett and a Francophone - Jacques Brault, conduct an original dialogue: each of them writes a poem in his mother tongue, and then each consecutive fragment is a response to a previous poem, which is an interesting French and English mosaic. Moreover, the volume also gains a strictly translative dimension, as it is Brault who translates Blodgett’s poems and vice versa. The unprecedented collection is one of the rare examples of a connection between the two cultures. Furthermore, it is an interesting illustration of the phenomenon of border crossing between cultures, languages and creative activities. The article describes the specificity of bilingual writing and seeks to answer the question about the possibilities of translating a bilingual text into a third language.
PL
Transfiguration to zbiór poetycki, w którym twórczość nie tylko płynnie przekształca się w przekład, lecz także przekład staje się punktem wyjścia dla aktu twórczego. Dwaj poeci kanadyjscy: anglojęzyczny Edward D. Blodgett oraz francuskojęzyczny Jacques Brault, prowadzą niezwykły dialog: każdy z nich pisze wiersz w swoim języku ojczystym, a kolejny utwór to odpowiedź na wiersz poprzedni, co stanowi ciekawą francusko-angielską przeplatankę. Co więcej, cały tomik zyskał także wymiar ściśle przekładowy, jako że został przetłumaczony w ten sposób, że Brault tłumaczy na język francuski utwory Blodgetta, który z kolei przekłada wiersze kolegi na język angielski. Ze wszech miar oryginalny zbiór stanowi jeden z rzadkich przejawów połączenia obu literatur: quebeckiej i kanadyjskiej oraz ciekawą ilustrację zjawiska pogranicza kultur, języków i działań (od)twórczych. W artykule opisano specyfikę tego rodzaju dwujęzycznej i dwukulturowej twórczości, próbując znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, czy możliwy jest przekład tak skonstruowanego tekstu na język trzeci.
EN
Since the middle of the 1980s French Canadian novelist Sylvain Trudel has constantly put his characters in contentious situations from which they try to escape by way of creating alternative worlds at the same time real and fantastical. This device takes the characters away from their trite everyday life and into a symbolic and mystical universe. The synthème seems to be fit into that symbolic frame. Through the child’s point of view – which seems then to become some sort of secret language – each object belonging to the realm of the profane becomes tinted with a sacred meaning. Synthème and symbol would then be considered as vehicles for the sacred, that which shows through Sylvain Trudel’s novels.
XX
In this article, I analyze how the relationship between national identity and religion was reconfigured by social actors during the Quebec’s so-called Quiet Revolution, and discuss how the secularization of society that took place in the 1960s and 1970s shapes contemporary politics in Quebec. With the building of its welfare state in the 1960s, national identity and religion in Quebec have become divorced institutionally, ideologically, and symbolically. Quebec has also undergone one of the most rapid processes of secularization in the Western world during that decade. In this text I trace the evolution and transformation of the relationship between national and religious identities in Quebec through an analysis of symbolic politics, and discuss how some of the ambiguities and unintended consequences of the Quiet Revolution are at the root of current debates about the place of religion in the public sphere.
EN
Each translating decision is about application of a particular translating dominant, in other words a specific point of view in interpretation of a book chosen to be translated. This perspective is inevitably different from an author’s dominant, considering that a translator reads a text by view of his own experiences, acquired knowledge and natural born sensitivity. An additional change of dominant occurs in case of publishing, in a target culture, an anthology that shows a fragment of a source culture: a reader receives an image of a given literature that was created through the prism of the choices made by the author of the anthology. Subsequently, his choice is subject to translation which is always affected by the translator. The purpose of this analysis is to discuss the specificity of the choices not only made by a translator, but also by the “external organizers”, and of their impact on the shape of the anthology on the example of Antologia poezji Quebeku.
EN
This article has two major objectives: to describe the structure of the student movement in Canada and the formal role of the students in higher education governance, and to describe and analyze the «Maple Spring», the dramatic mobilization of the students in opposition to proposed tuition fee increased in Quebec that eventually led to a provincial election and the fall of the government. Based on an analysis of the documents, news reports, and a small number of interviews with the student leaders, the author will analyze what became the largest student protest movement in Canadian history. We will begin by conceptualizing the student organizations as political pressure groups, and then reviewing the major structural characteristics of Canadian student organizations. We will then turn to the special case of the student protests in Quebec in 2012. University-level student organizations have considerable organizational capacity (stable membership, mandatory fees, paid staff) and can be viewed as institutionalized pressure groups working within university policy networks. There are also student pressure groups functioning at the provincial and federal levels of the authority. Then we will identify activity strategies of the students’ organizations, analyze their main functions, and describe the main categories of university clubs and organizations. At the end we will give a description of the «Maple Spring» – the debate over tuition in Quebec which is not simply about the level of user fees, but rather the issue is embedded in a much broader vision of the role of higher education, and the discourse used by the student movement is based on a set of social-democratic values that resonate with the collective imaginary of Quebec society. Building upon their organizational capacity (membership, resources, paid staff and official recognition), using innovative strategies to maintain media coverage and pressure on the provincial government, and benefiting from circumstantial factors as well as the unique political context of Quebec, the student organizations in the province engaged in a protest have been unique in Canadian history because of its length and size, the magnitude of media attention that it received (in Canada and internationally), and its impact on the Quebec government and the provincial higher education system.
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EN
The purpose of this article is to present how the French in Canada preserved their cultural and linguistic identity and distinguished themselves from the English in North America which none of the European colonies at the time, not even socially and economically wellorganized New Netherland were able to maintain their independence. Francophones also managed to prove that nowadays the French play the indispensable and dominant role in building Canada’s identity. Today the provinces can have their own language program providing it complies with the federal policy of bilingualism. In 1976 during Révolution tranquille Quebec passed Loi 101 where French is declared its sole official language. Therefore the province introduced the language policy which was contrary to the Canadian constitution. These are the most important differences that set Canada apart from the United States. This also explains complex nature of Canadian language policies based on equal status of the two official languages in the institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada and also both successful and unsuccessful attempts to establish language policy in the Canadian provinces.
FR
RESUME | Parmi un grand nombre de phenomenes lies a la traduction, caracteris- tiques pour le Canada, on peut detecter « la traduction au feminin » ou l’acte de re-crea- tion. Susanne de Lotbiniere-Harwood, la traductrice des textes de feministes quebecoises, y compris ceux de Lise Gauvin, dont le roman/essai intitule Lettres dune autre (1984) elle a traduit vers l’anglais en 1989 (Letters from an Other) en est une des plus eminentes repre- sentantes. Sa traduction a suscite de vives polemiques, car — selone les critiques — la tra¬ductrice a trop explique au lecteur, a utilise un nombre excessif de notes et a trop feminise le texte par rapport a l’original. L’activite traduisante de Susanne de Lotbiniere-Harwood demontre comment une approche creative a la traduction la rend plus visible et de quelle maniere la feminisation du texte d’arrivee cree un espace propice a une expression femi- nine dans un monde reel.
EN
Among many translation activities characteristic for Canada, a “feminine translation”, meaning an act of re-creation, is particularly worth mentioning. One of its representatives is Susanne de Lotbinière-Harwood, a translator of the texts of Quebec feminists, including Lise Gauvin’s Lettres d’une autre (1984) translated into English in 1989 (Letters from an Other). De Lotbinière-Harwood’s translation caused controversy, as - according to the critics - she explained to much to a reader, inserted too many footnotes and feminized the text more than the original. The translation activity of de Lotbnière-Harwood proves how, by using the creative approach to translation, the act of translation itself becomes visible, and the feminization of the target text creates a space for female expression also in a real world.
PL
Wśród wielu zjawisk związanych z przekładem charakterys¬tycznych dla Kanady znajduje się „przekład w rodzaju żeńskim”, czyli akt ponownego tworzenia. Jedną z jego reprezentantek jest Susanne de Lotbiniere-Harwood, tłumaczka tekstów quebeckich feministek, w tym Lise Gauvin, której tekst zatytułowany Lettres dune autre (1984) przełożyła na język angielski w 1989 roku (Letters from an Other). Swoim przekładem tłumaczka wywołała kontrowersje, zbyt wiele — zdaniem krytyków — wy¬jaśniając czytelnikowi, umieszczając za dużo przypisów oraz feminizując tekst bardziej niż oryginał. Działalność przekładowa S. de Lotbiniere-Harwood udowadnia, w jaki sposób, poprzez wykorzystanie przez tłumacza twórczego podejścia do tłumaczenia, sam akt przekładu staje się widoczny, a feminizacja tekstu docelowego tworzy przestrzeń dla kobiecej ekspresji także w realnym świecie.
EN
The project to produce a 3D laser scan of the Chapelle des Ursulines (Ursulines’ shrine) in Quebec City and to create the experience of an immersive virtual visit, illustrates the new types of relations to space afforded by information technologies. The Panoscope (Courchesne 2000) equipped with an omnidirectional controller offers an alternative experience of the shrine that opens new roads for the interpretation of the formal and symbolic dimensions associated with such spaces. If the virtual model will never replace the original physical shrine, it nevertheless offers an experience enriched by multiple layers of information. Furthermore, it allows for the live interaction between remote visitors and experts into a dynamic dialogue about the various aspects and dimensions of this historical site. Such a project finally contributes the ongoing discussion about the new models for mixed reality Milgram et Kishino (1994) and their value in the interpretation of patrimonial heritage.
EN
How is the bilingualism in Canada perceived by teenagers from the most French-speaking Canadian province in the early twenty-first century? We will present the epilinguistic point of view of Quebec adolescents on contemporary linguistic development and their perception of the linguistic situation in Quebec while taking into consideration their mother tongue and their overall identity.
PL
Do ius commune (droit commun) odwołują się reguły prawa i interpretacje prawne dotyczące wszystkich gałęzi prawa, nawet prawa konstytucyjnego. W związku z tym warto zastanowić się, jak w tym kontekście interpretować prawo językowe w odniesieniu do mniejszości żyjącej w większej, federalnej strukturze państwowej, dla której ochrona własnego języka to żywotny problem. Autor twierdzi, że Sąd Najwyższy Kanady mógł zaniedbać te kwestie w Quebecu, unieważniając duże fragmenty Karty języka francuskiego dotyczące oficjalnego języka ustawodawstwa i sądownictwa w sprawie Blaikie z 1979 roku, w której narzucił francuskojęzycznej enklawie konstytucyjną dwujęzyczność w sprawach legislacji i sądownictwa. Być może słuszność tej decyzji powina być poddana ponownej ocenie.
FR
The jus commune (droit commun) is the intellectual canvas upon which any rule of law is built upon within a given society, that must be integrated in any interpretation or construction process in any field of law, even constitutionnal law. As the jus commune bears a series of structural values, one ponders as to the correct construction of linguistic law to be held in that regard within a minority society entrenched inside a greater federal superstructure, where linguistic preservation is a collective existential matter. The author submits that the Supreme Court of Canada may have neglected to consider this important factor in Quebec when striking down large sections of the Charter of the French Language pertaining to the official language of law and judicial decisions in the 1979 Blaikie case, in which it imposed official constitutional bilingualism in matters of legislation and judicial decisions to the enclaved French-speaking province. Perhaps the appropriateness of this decision should be revisited.
EN
 Le droit commun (jus commune) est la toile de fond intellectuelle sur laquelle toute normativité juridique se construit au sein d'une société et dont tout droit, même constitutionnel, ne peut faire l'économie au moment de son interprétation. Le droit commun emportant une série de valeurs structurantes, il convient de s'interroger sur l'interprétation à donner au droit linguistique d'une société minorisée, pour laquelle la préservation linguistique est un enjeu littéralement existentiel au sein d'un cadre constitutionnel fédéral plus grand, à la lumière de son droit commun. L'auteur avance que la Cour suprême du Canada n'aurait peut-être pas adéquatement tenu compte de cette donnée importante au Québec au moment d'invalider les pans de la Charte de la langue française traitant de la langue officielle de la législation et de la justice au Québec dans le cadre de l'affaire Blaikie en 1979, par laquelle elle imposait à la province francophone enclavée un bilinguisme législatif et judiciaire obligatoire, et qu'il conviendrait de réévaluer la justesse en droit de cette décision.
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