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1

CONCEPT OF “BLACKNESS” IN THEORIES OF RACE

100%
Hrabovský M.
Asian and African Studies
|
2013
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
65 – 88
EN
The present study deals with the analysis of the concept of “blackness” and its meaning and impact on theories of race and racism. The concept of “blackness” (black skin) was used for both external and internal characteristic of a “black group” (or “race”). The study describes the formation of the concept from ancient times, through the Middle Ages to modern times, when it became a basis for emerging theories of race. The reader will get an overview on the etymology of both concepts: “blackness” and “race”. We will analyse the impact of these concepts on the theories of the Swedish botanist Carl Linné (Carolus Linnaeus, 1707 – 1778), the German physician and naturalist J. F. Blumenbach (1752 – 1840), the German physiologist of the Romantic era C. G. Carus (1789 – 1869) and the French diplomat A. Gobineau (1816 – 1882).
2
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POSTCOLONIALISM VS. CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE (Postkolonializm a Europa Srodkowo-Wschodnia).

88%
Korek J.
Porównania
|
2008
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vol. 5
75-90
EN
The author of the article claims that in research on history and contemporary problems of Central and Eastern Europe a postcolonial perspective is requisite. Traditional postcolonial studies, usually controlled by representatives of a leftist orientation, have until recently neglected or rejected such a possibility. One ought not conceal the fact that a multitude of contemporary problems that pervade the countries of this region are political, economic, social or mental remnants of the colonial period, be it Soviet or German, especially from the Second World War. This directs the author's attention to the mechanisms of annexation, the types of hegemony and methods of obtaining domination, formation of colonial and anticolonial discourses, the strategies of ruling and knowledge production in Central and Eastern Europe subjugated by Soviet and German imperialisms. Western research assured the colonised dependency of Central and Eastern Europe suggesting political and civilisational inferiority of the region in relation to the West. The German, or Western in general, colonial discourses targeted at this region of Europe is not only an issue of the past. The author claims that it is possible to develop a language that allows to express, describe and compare cultural phenomena and colonial experience with the phenomena of the Soviet era and post-Soviet experience retaining all their differences. The opposition between the East and the West as an extremely ideologised abstract category is useless.
3

PRAGMATICKÉ A ESENCIALISTICKÉ IDENTITY V USUDZOVANÍ O SOCIÁLNYCH SKUPINÁCH MEDZI VEDCAMI

88%
Maur N.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2014
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vol. 62
|
issue 1
7 – 29
EN
The paper demonstrates social factors and interactions, which have an effect on reasoning about ethnic and racial groups among social and natural scientists. On one hand, the results demonstrate the social conditions and interpersonal communication interactions, which have an effect on the persistency of essentialist judgment. It turned out that the cognitive system is maintained throughout, no matter what the education and social background the people come from. On the other hand, the results show that it is not always and in every situation that people behave according to the essentialist model. Therefore, in the thesis the author points out also other various social factors and interpersonal discourse interactions, which have an effect upon the overlapping of essentialist judgment. The paper demonstrates that psychological essentialism is permanent and is not possible to overlay it completely, only partially, through education derived from pragmatic images, through liberal family background and under the influence of peer groups and institutions in which they are held, and expressed pragmatic socio-value attitudes.
4
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Classes, Nations and Races. Karl Marx's and Frederick Engels's Reflection on Nationalism

88%
Jaskulowski K.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2004
|
issue 24-25
69-89
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse an approach of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels to nationalism and related phenomena like nation-state, national movements, ethnicity and race. These two theoreticians are usually regarded founding-fathers of social sciences and their ideas influenced many contemporary thinkers. In the field of nationalism studies there is a group of scholars who attempt to develop Marxist theory of nationalism. Marxism had also enormous impact on politics in many countries in the 20th century. The communists governments had to deal with nationalism which was their main ideological rival. It is argued in the article that the writings of Marx and Engels did not provide any systematic and comprehensive approach to nationalism. There were various and contradictory trends in their writings on nationalism. It is usually said that Marx and Engels had no understanding of the significance of nationalism, and underestimated its strength. Their central thesis was that the essential division in society was not horizontal but vertical, i.e. not between nations but between classes. However, although they were usually critical of nationalist ideas, they were not immune to nationalism. Frequently, they took the nation for granted or exaggerated its significance in their analysis. Moreover, the nation was sometimes defined in biological terms. Occasionally, they spoke of different races whose capacities were determined by their anatomical features and claimed that some races were superior over the others.
5

VULNERABLE DISCLOSURE: DANGEROUS NEGOTIATIONS OF RACE AND IDENTITY IN THE CLASSROOM

75%
Hill C. D.
Pedagogický časopis (Journal of Pedagogy)
|
2014
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vol. 5
|
issue 2
161 – 181
EN
This essay discusses my experience as a teaching assistant deploying auto-ethnography to explore my racial performance and politics as related to informing and shaping classroom dynamics and relationships. Set in “Race and Cultural Diversity”, an advanced undergraduate writing composition course, I examine my performance of blackness and how my racial performance embodies commitments to racial and social justice within classroom happenings. Using critical performance pedagogy this study explores my identity performance to identify and create effective strategies that further dialogue on the often charged and sensitive topic of race, developing more awareness of how my racialized self enters and manifests in the classroom.
6
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Genderová revoluce. Nerovnoměrná a zastavená

75%
England P.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2011
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vol. 12
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issue 1
54-62
EN
In this article, the author describes sweeping changes in the gender system and offers explanations for why change has been uneven. Because the devaluation of activities done by women has changed little, women have had strong incentive to enter male jobs, but men have had little incentive to take on female activities or jobs. The gender egalitarianism that gained traction was the notion that women should have access to upward mobility and to all areas of schooling and jobs. But persistent gender essentialism means that most people follow gender-typical paths except when upward mobility is impossible otherwise. Middle-class women entered managerial and professional jobs more than working-class women integrated blue-collar jobs because the latter were able to move up while choosing a “female” occupation; many mothers of middle-class women were already in the highest-status female occupations. The author also notes a number of gender-egalitarian trends that have stalled.
7
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Na křižovatkách nerovností: gender, třída a rasa/etnicita

75%
Kolarova M.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
|
2008
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vol. 9
|
issue 2
1-10
EN
This article focuses on the intersection of gender, class and racial/ethnic inequalities. The intersection theory draws on the feminist critique of traditional class theory and on the challenge to feminism posed by ethnic women. The article develops thinking about various configurations of the intersection of inequalities and addresses mainly the case of marginalized women. However, the argument goes that the intersection of gender, class and racial/ethnic inequalities is not just a matter for disadvantaged groups because it has an impact on all groups in various relations. Class, gender and race/ethnicity should be understood as interlocked systems of both disadvantage and privilege. The intersection of inequalities is an approach intertwined with the development of social movements (women's, labour and civil rights movements) in the USA and Western Europe. The article looks at why the intersection theory elaborated in the West mainly in the 1990s has not been reflected in Czech gender studies. Is it possible to connect the study of gender in a post-communist East European country with the predominantly American intersection theory?
8

AKTUÁLNE VÝZVY SKÚMANIA TZV. RASOVEJ OTÁZKY A RASIZMU (K PROBLÉMU PÁDU STAREJ PARADIGMY MULTIKULTURALIZMU A PATOVÉMU STAVU V HUMANITNÝCH VEDÁCH V OTÁZKE ARGUMENTOVANIA PROTI RASIZMU)

75%
Šmihula D., Hrabovský M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2015
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vol. 70
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issue 5
378 – 397
EN
This study deals with the problem of falling of so-called old paradigm, the paradigm of multiculturalism. Firstly, we turn our attention to the actual and, surprisingly enough, political rejection of multiculturalism. Recently, many European countries have faced various problems with their integration policies. Despite the large number of studies on the race, as well as a number of European and international documents and declarations against racism, a paradoxical phenomenon appeared: the concept of race was restored as a “scientific fact”. Although the word race was not explicitly mentioned, the concept of ethnicity offered extensive strategic support for so-called “backward groups”. Humanistic paradigm of legal equality has been replaced by the paradigm of ethnic or racial policies, i.e. policies of collective identity. As it turned out, these policies have failed. The goal of humanistic paradigm was to get rid of the word race´s false scientific aura. Humanistic paradigm as a meta-paradigm has accepted the existence of biological differences among individuals and human populations, but there was no need to take them into account when defending its legitimacy or promoting its ideal. We assert that these problems stem from useless attempts at defending “scientifically” human equality which, however, is not based on scientific evidence, but rather on the ideal of universal equality built up on pillars such as the Christian heritage, western law, and values represented by the human beings’ capability of suffering.
9
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‘HOW DO YOU SAY “STOP THAT!” IN SLOVAKIAN?’: A8 IMMIGRATION AND SCOTLAND’S RACE AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY NARRATIVE

63%
Kailemia M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2016
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vol. 48
|
issue 3
247 – 266
EN
In 2004 8 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) joined the EU in an expansion popularly known as the Accession, or A8. As part of this arrangement the Slovakian Roma community settled in Govanhill, a neighbourhood in the South-Side of Glasgow, Scotland. Immediately, there was widespread outcry, followed by public debate, on the numbers involved and the impact on local services. One of the claims made was that, because of a ‘unique’ history of ‘self-isolation’, the Roma had altered local policing needs. There were widespread media anecdotes of anti-social behaviour but also racist victimization. Using material available post-A8 Govanhill, this synthesizes the debate on Roma settlement against the wider canvass of Scottish reception and assimilation of immigrants. The author claims that post-A8 phobia of the Roma is part of an unsustainable ideology of Scotland as a post-racial ‘welcoming country’ which has occluded a nuanced interrogation of the capacity of the country to welcome and successfully integrate immigrants.
10
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AFRYKANIE I ICH OBECNOŚĆ W EUROPIE

51%
Vorbrich R.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
|
2017
|
vol. 43
|
issue 2 (164)
95-119
EN
The following article presents the various perceptions towards migrants from Africa from the point of view of Europeans, as well as the self-identification of Africans in Europe. A historical framework uncovers the dynamic processes of migration and identity construction, which manifests itself in convoluted terminology. The phenomenon of rendering Africans exotic together with a specific protectionist stance towards them,which persisted in Europe until the mid-20th century, delayed the interest of the social sciences and history in the category of “Africans in Europe”. Africans, treated in geographic rather than racial categories, have been present on the European continent since antiquity. Their half-century presence on the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus) is rarely mentioned, whilst “black” slaves are more frequently inscribed the historical memory of Europeans. Increasingly, researchers are interested in the particularly complex and challenging process of transformation of the “black native” to the “black worker-emigrant”, as well as the rise of new identities: Afro-European, Euro-African, Black French or Black British, analysed from the historical, anthropological or statistical perspectives.
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