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1

ECO A VATTIMO – NEGATÍVNY REALIZMUS VERZUS SLABÉ MYSLENIE

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Vašek M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2021
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vol. 76
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issue 4
293 – 306
EN
The paper intends to introduce main points of Eco’s critique of Vattimo’s philosophy. It focuses on differences in their approaches and provides a closer view of one of the philosophical discussions happening at the wake of the new millennium. We focus on understanding reality and the limits of interpretation as the two key points of Eco’s consideration and criticism. In 1983, Umberto Eco participated in publishing the well-known volume “weak thought”, although he later no longer considered himself part of the philosophical initiative. He represents a position of minimal or negative realism. Gianni Vattimo is a proponent of the “weak thought”, where reality is not introduced as stable, natural or objective. Reality does not itself speak out but needs a spokesmen or motivated interpreters. Vattimo, therefore revives Nietzsche’s thought “There are no facts, only interpretations”, which he deploys further in his own way.
2

Ontological Status of Atomic and Molecular Orbitals in the Context of the Autonomy of Chemistry

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Zeidler P.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
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2007
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vol. 16
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issue 3(63)
193-204
EN
The question of the existence of orbitals is analyzed. The author argues that it is not possible to answer this question univocally if one accepts the assumption of Arthur Fine's 'natural ontological attitude'. From the point of view of theoretical chemistry there are no such things as orbitals. However, diagrammatic representations of atomic and molecular orbitals are very effective tools in the laboratory practice of chemistry and the process of teaching chemistry. For this reason it is advantageous to interpret them realistically.
3

HVIEZDOSLAVOVA BALADICKÁ TVORBA

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Gbúr J.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
|
2021
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vol. 68
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issue 6
614 – 630
EN
The article concentrates on interpreting Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav’s (1849 – 1921) ballads – the part of his oeuvre which has only been investigated marginally so far. His ballads from the late of the 19th and early 20th centuries (U kaplice [At the chapel], Zuzanka Hraškovie [Zuzanka Hraškovie], Anča [Anča], Margita [Margita], Studnica [The well], Smelá Katka [Daring Katka], Topeľci [Drowned], Jedlica [Fir tree], Krivoprísažník [False witness], Mladá vdova [Young widow], Matúš Stolár [Matúš Carpenter]) adapt some of the traditional themes of folk and Romantic ballads (crime and punishment, moral failure, folk customs), but also bring new motives (search for the spiritual path from pragmatic truth criteria, property disputes and unorthodox solutions to life problems, social and economic disparity and its effects). Comparison of Hviezdoslav’s ballads with those written by Slovak poets of the Romantic period Janko Kráľ and Ján Botto shows his authentic realist attitude in the handling of the genre. Hviezdoslav accentuated the epical side of the narratives, employing several means of representation (on the level of the narrator and on the level of the structure of the stanza and verse). He realised the lyrical side of the narratives, their balladic atmosphere – also through the functional structure of the verse – but primarily through expressive, lyrical depictions and commentaries.
4

FILOZOFIA JE MŔTVA. NECH ŽIJE FYZIKA!

100%
Maco R.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2018
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vol. 73
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issue 4
269 – 281
EN
Among theoretical physicists there is a relatively long tradition of commenting on the historical and philosophical questions of their discipline in the form of books aimed at the wider public. Hawking and Mlodinow 2010 book offers the model-dependent realism as an interpretive framework for contemporary science. The article aims at a critical examination of the main points of this framework and comes to the conclusion that despite their efforts the authors did not free themselves from the traditional dispute between realism and anti-realism in the philosophy of science.
5

MYTH AS A CODE OF NATIONAL ASPECT (of Jozef Gregor Tajovsky: 'Nas Jezisko')

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Mikulova M.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2005
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vol. 52
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issue 1
25-33
EN
The short story 'Nas Jezisko' (Our Baby Jesus) belongs to the Tajovsky's thematic cycle focused on ethnology and collecting of folk artefacts. The short story 'Nas Jezisko' (1918) was written by Tajovsky as a legionary at the end of WWI . It is a lyrical reminiscence, accompanying us through times and periods, when a narrator as a child experiences amazing impressions from the Christmas Holy Mass, he thinks back on an odour of frankincense, songs of shepherds, joy of all who participate in the birth of Jesus. After many years new ceremonial orders come to the church, people do not understand a (Hungarian) language, even the baby Jesus is different, having boots on. Author connects a magic of folk ceremonies with a Slovak word, which represents semantics of representative sign. Through a myth about nativity of Christ Tajovsky illustrates how much destructively Hungarisation damaged our national substance.
6

Ewolucja, epistemologia, realizm

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Leszczyński D.
Lectiones & Acroases Philosophicae
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2010
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vol. 3
123-152
EN
The aim of this article is to characterize evolutionary epistemology and to indicate its relation with philosophical realism. I first part of text I examine relation between philosophy and biology as nature science. In second part I draw main assumptions of two main currents of evolutionary epistemology (evolutionary epistemology of mechanisms and evolutionary epistemology of theories). I third part I formulate several arguments against evolutionary epistemology’s demands for epistemological and ontological realism.
7

NA RUBE SPRÍTOMŇOVANIA IDEÁLU (MELANCHÓLIA V DISKURZE SLOVENSKÉHO LITERÁRNEHO REALIZMU)

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Taranenková I.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2015
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vol. 62
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issue 2
81 – 95
EN
The paper is focused on several ways of presenting melancholy in the discourse of Slovak literary realism – in the works by P. O. Hviezdoslav but mostly in the proses by S. H. Vajanský and M. Kukučín. Built on the latest research into the subject matter of interdisciplinary character, it deals with the dual presence of melancholy in the national revivalist narrative, which highlights the fundamental contradiction in Slovak literature of the 19th century oscillating between the ideal and its manifestations, i.e. the deficit of it in empirical experience. Despite the explicit marginalization, melancholy becomes a category showing deeper structural qualities of Slovak culture including Slovak literature in the 19th century, which is related to the nostalgic and utopian moments being the subject of numerous writings. It represents the „negative reality“ (L. F. Földényi), which reflects its efforts, ambitions and contradictions reaching beyond the actual era.
8
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PRESENTATIONISM IN THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE AND REALISM

100%
Debowski J.
Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne
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2005
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issue 2
73-111
EN
The difficulties with justification of the thesis of realism in the theory of knowledge (scilicet belief that we gain or we are capable of gaining knowledge about objects transcendent to the mind) are well known since long. Those difficulties caused many kinds of realism to exist nowadays - kinds discordant among themselves or even excluding each other. As is well known, since Descartes the main problem of every kind of realism and perhaps even of the whole theory of knowledge became so called 'transcendency problem' or 'the bridge problem'. How to come from perceptions to the things themselves? Or: how to come from 'the knowledge of knowledge' to 'the knowledge of things'? These are some examples of questions being in close relation with the transcendency issue and 'the bridge problem'. Since Descartes, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, there have been created several standpoints, which tried to justify the thesis of realism in the theory of knowledge in an indirect manner, basing on other theses (for instance the principle of causality or referring to the term of cognitive intermediators). The author claims that defending the realism from the standpoint of representational theory of knowledge is inefficient. Representationism rather assumes the thesis of realism than proves it. It means that representationism can be defended efficiently only from the standpoint of presentational theory of knowledge. In other words, to prove transcendency and ontological objectivity of conceived objects, we need to refer to various kinds of immediate cognition, and to take into consideration the selfpresentation of objects. Whoever neglects that, deprives himself of a good opportunity to justify thesis of realism. The standpoint of Putnam (his internal realism) and the discussion about the realistic character of the semantic theory of knowledge (especially the distinction between weak and strong correspondence) make a good illustration of the difficulties, to which lead the standpoints ignoring the above-mentioned 'principle of all principles'.
9

UNDER-DETERMINATION, SCEPTICISM, AND REALISM

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Koreň L.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2014
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vol. 21
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issue 2
145 – 167
EN
This study aims to articulate and compare the structure, presuppositions and implications of two paradigmatic sceptical arguments, i.e. arguments from under-determination of scientific theories by observational data (UA) and Cartesian-style arguments (CA) invoking sceptical scenarios of severe cognitive dislocation. Although salient analogies between them may prompt one to think that a unified diagnosis of what is amiss with them is called for, it will be argued that this may be a false hope, if those analogies do not underwrite a complete homology. That said, possible parallels of one promising anti-sceptical exposure of CA are pointed out for the case of UA, which conspire together to render the problem of under-determination less threatening than it could at first appear.
10

Jedność filozofii Hilarego Putnama

100%
Czerniawski K.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2012
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vol. 40
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issue 4
75 - 98
EN
Hilary Putnam is often described as a thinker with constantly changing philosophical views. The evolution of his thought is common divided into three periods: metaphysical realism, internal realism, and common-sense realism. However, Putnam did not elaborate and defend three different and opposite philosophical systems. Putnam has never been a system builder, but rather a truly analytic philosopher who attempts to resolve particular philosophical questions and not to develop a comprehensive worldview. The paper focuses on particular philosophical issues discussed by Putnam in the philosophy of mathematics, ontology, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind, and the theory of truth. It becomes clear how little Putnam’s approach has changed during his lifetime. A striking feature of his approach is realism which, irrespective of different qualifying adjectives in different periods, gives an underlying unity to his philosophy.
11

ENVIRONMENT AND ITS ONTOLOGICAL STATUS

100%
Italia S.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2016
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vol. 23
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issue 4
488 – 502
EN
Is reality a ‘Ready-Made World’ or an entity constructed by individuals and social activity? The concept of the environment seems to be the boundary that clearly shows how we can simultaneously adhere to our apparently contradictory intuitions— that is, those about the external and autonomous features of reality independent of human intervention, and those about its undeniably constructed character. The environment, then, seems to be a concept that shows how non-epistemic and epistemic notions of reality (i.e. respectively seeing reality as independent from and dependent on us) can be understood cohesively.
12

MODERN NOVELLAS BY MILO URBAN

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Zilkova A.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2005
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vol. 52
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issue 6
394-408
EN
Similarly as many Slovak prose writers of the previous generation, in his collection of novellas 'Vykriky bez ozveny' (Cries without Echo) (1928), Milo Urban drew inspiration from rural environment. But Urban also introduced a modern universal topic in his novellas. It is certain distress, narrow-mindedness of village life. The main characters of Urban's stories, the village outsiders, experience it most intensively. They are lonely people who estranged their surroundings. The distress, melancholy that they feel indicates how reserved, shut off village can be. The author of the study interpretes two early novellas by Milo Urban - 'Jasek Kutliak spod Bucinky' (1922) and 'Rozprávka o Labudovi' (The Fairy-tale on Labuda). Due to the way of narration and ambiguity they present modern proses. The features of a fairy-tale, a ballad and a myth indicate a more complicated structure of narration. The novella 'Jasek Kutliak spod Bucinky' is about disintegration of a love relationship - after her wedding with the hunter Jasek, the young girl Hanka changes completely. The narration oscillates between the depiction of Hanka's wichedness and a story of/with modern topic of desillusion from lost love. In 'Rozprávka o Labudovi' (The Fairy-tale on Labuda) there are two possible ways of how to read the text. The first one is a story about a foolish peasant, the second is a more universal story about Labuda that becomes an allegory of human fate. The explanation of the novella becomes more complicated when its figurative language, metaphors as well as the topic of isolation are taken into account.
13
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Verismus románu Terézy Novákové Děti čistého živého jako ženská realizace žánru vesnického románu období realismu

100%
Filipowicz M.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2005
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vol. 53
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issue 6
839-851
EN
This essay attempts to distinguish between the female and male way of writing the village novel, chiefly at the level of 'description' or the 'imitation of life and institutions' (costume, food, architecture, home furnishings). The author develops the idea of the 'female perspective', which, he argues, consists in special attention to the ordinary, the mundane, and the practical sides of village life.
14

A GAME AND (OR) A LIFE, MISANTHROPY A LA SLOVAK (BOZENA SLANCIKOVA-TIMRAVA: UINKIND PEOPLE)

100%
Mikulova M.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2006
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vol. 53
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issue 3-4
169-177
EN
The novelette 'Nemili' (Unkind People, 1899) confirms by its poetics and interpretation of reality that Timrava is a typical author of modern Slovak prose. This work can be characterised as a contribution to a decomposition of a fixture of realistic writing. Destabilised of up to that time integral world of prose happens on all the levels of her texts, it influences mainly the semantic core. In that period up-to-date analogy of fate, life and cards became a base of the story. Timrava uses a card game as a tool of original interpretation of social relationships. But primarily (relaxing) determination disappeared from the game. The game became a stereotyped duty, which reveals 'ontological vacuum' of a characters' being. The story is focused on the 'problem' of Saba, the main character, a daughter of a village pastor. The question is whom she can marry, as she is 'neither nice nor rich or even bright'. Parallel to a card game a 'love game' is being developed also among other characters - while epilogue of the novelette stresses a victory of things happening by chance in the love relationships among characters. It is a part of the author's strategy - 'a game with a reader'. The first plan point that life and relationships happen only by chance like a game, has an opposite point in the deep structure of the text. It is a consciousness of an existential inevitability, inscribed into the 'fate' of people of a certain social position. Banality, nihilism, illiberality, lukewarmness - it is never ending meaningless cycle of the village intelligence in Timrava's story - her existentional misanthropy, with a hidden message about human being, seeking and not finding of a harmonic fulfilment of the life.
15

REALIZMUS, PERDURANTIZMUS A JEHO PRAKTICKÉ DÔSLEDKY

100%
Odorčák J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2012
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vol. 67
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issue 5
375 – 386
EN
The paper deals with the diachronic personal identity, defining two fundamental approaches to the problem: realism and anti-realism. The theory of D. Parfit serves as an illustration of anti-realism, while perdurantism as a specific case of realism. Contrary to D. Parfit, perdurantism is able to solve the problem of the split while preserving the realistic position as far as the diachronic personal persistence is concerned. Several problematic aspects of the perdurantism’s realistic position in practice are examined as well. According to the author and contrary to the widespread conviction perdurantism is compatible with responsibility. Nevertheless, there are some un-acceptable consequences concerning punishment and reward.
16

ESTETICKÁ NORMATIVITA A REALIZMUS

100%
Hrkút J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2012
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vol. 67
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issue 5
353 – 361
EN
Aesthetic judgments are intrinsically both subjective and normative. Asking what our aesthetic judgments are linked to leads us to the question about metaphysical commitments of the aesthetic experience. This fundamental metaphysical level opens up two basic positions: realism and non-realism. Realism claims that in our experience we face true aesthetic properties independent of our minds. Non-realistic theoretical framework presupposes an essential contribution of the recipient into the aesthetic experience insofar that it is not possible to identify work’s propositions as such. The paper argues for drawing the realistic position from the normative aspect of aesthetic judgments. It claims that normativity presupposes mind-independent actual aesthetic properties of the objects/artefacts. Subsequently, non-realistic claims are incompatible with accepting the normative character of the aesthetic experience.
17

PENELOPE MADDYOVÁ MEDZI REALIZMOM A NATURALIZMOM

100%
Kvasz L.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2010
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vol. 65
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issue 6
522-537
EN
Mathematics is often interpreted as an a priori discipline whose propositions are analytic. The aim of the paper is to support a philosophical position which would view mathematics as a discipline studying its own segment of objective reality and thus contributing to our knowledge of the real world. The author tries to articulate in more details such a position which has been proposed recently by Penelope Maddy.
18

IDYLA A LIMITY REALIZMU (ŽÁNER AKO MENTÁLNE MÉDIUM)

88%
Mikulová M.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2018
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vol. 65
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issue 2
130 — 142
EN
The idealistic and idyllic perception of reality in Slovak literature of the second half of the 19th century was seen as a legitimate part of the production of the old generation writers. The falsified image of reality was challenged by the production of the younger authors (Timrava, Tajovský, Jesenský). It their case it was enough to describe undistorted reality to seem polemic, i.e. anti-idyllic in contrast to the old generation of the writers. However, there was a writer who found himself split between the desire for a harmonious world and critical perception of reality – Martin Kukučín. Encouraged by the discussions in the Prague society Detvan he managed to benefit from the stimuli of European literature finding the basis for his philosophical reflections in the fundamental premises – the question of life and death, conscience, egoism, tradition, spiritual harmony and money. On the island Brač in 1896 he began to write a long work of fiction inspired by observations of a local patrician family (the fragments were titled by the Complete Works editors Rodina/Family and Zádruha/Community) with the intention to describe a family idyll, harmony and togetherness. He was very disappointed to discover that the only thing that kept the aging childless siblings together was the wealth, which in line with the family tradition of not dividing the property had no actual heir. Kukučín was disgusted by the realistic depiction of the archaic traditions so much that the text, which he failed to write in an appropriate artistic form for that reason, remained in manuscript. Having had this experience as well as been disappointed by the time spent in Slovakia he wrote in 1896 a short story titled Svadba/Wedding. He did it in a vivid and emotional form of eclogue, and he used its lyric nature to a great extent as his emotional prophylaxis. The protagonist ́s painful polarity between love for the parents and that for a woman suggests an analogy with the writer ́s feelings when he realized he never wanted to come back to his homeland again.
19

TRHLINY V ČESKO-SLOVENSKÉ VZÁJEMNOSTI KONCEM 19. STOLETÍ NA PŘÍKLADU CESTOPISU TERÉZIE VANSOVÉ

88%
Pátková J.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2017
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vol. 64
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issue 2
87 – 103
EN
The form of Czech-Slovak mutuality had during the 19th century monolithic character. On the example of travelogue literature in the 19th and the 20th centuries, among other things we can see that difficult historical situation in Slovakia was located then. Terézia Vansová in her travelogue Pani Georgiadesová na cestác/Ms Georgiadesová’s traveling) subtitled Veselý cestopis do Prahy na národopisnú výstavu (1896 – 1897)/Happy travelogue to Prague on an ethnographic exhibition (1896 – 1897)) captures this transformation, along with the transformation of literary and socio-historical code. From the typological point of view an obvious way from hitherto in travelogue genre is in this travelogue. Selection of a fictional narrator instead of the author’s point of view and a female optics story appears in the development of Slovak literature as new one. The author, through a fictional narrator Johanna Georgiadesová thematises mutual (Czech-Slovak and Slovak-Czech) ignorance of culturally and historically closest land. Journey to the Czechoslavic Ethnographic Exhibition held in 1895, occupies a central place in the travelogue and meant for Vansová despite thematisation cracks also strengthening of national self-confidence.
20

JESENSKY'S REALISM IN THE 'DEMOCRATS'

88%
Kuzmikova J.
Slovak Review. A Review of World Literature Research
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2007
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vol. 16
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issue 2
57-65
EN
Jesensky‘s 'Democrats' is not a realistic work in the sense that it would provide an account of the outer phenomenal reality. Such a view of realism is generally accepted, though no doubt misleading. The novel 'The Democrats' depicts the Slovak society in the 1930s. Time and history are related to the thematic layer of the literary work - the 'real' thematic framework is usually considered the main indicator of the realistic character of artistic prose. The authoress of the study approaches the novel from the cognitive perspective. Her aim is to create a certain foundation from which it would be possible to start the research of the so-called realism in modernism. Therefore, one should take seriously the arguments of cognitive science that the objective theory of meaning based on probabilistic conditions failed; that most of the terms are not classical (completely definable) but on the contrary, most of the every-day language is metaphorical. A rhetorical question may be asked: Is not the classical literary theoretical distinction between semantics and pragmatics useless, if it is obvious that in the human, and thus, also in the literary language, it is not possible to ignore the width and the depth of human experience?
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