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1

RUSTICITY AS A SOCIOLOGICAL CATEGORY (Wiejskosc jako kategoria socjologiczna)

100%
Halamska M.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2011
|
issue 1(150)
37-54
EN
This study is a contribution to the ongoing scientific discussion on the post-industrial society's notion of 'rural community' and 'rusticity'. It starts with a description of the paradigm/opposition 'town - village' that was popular up to the 1970s, quoting arguments presented in sociological discussions to prove its inadequacy. It points to the fact that the notion 'rural', which is being commonly used at present, can be analysed at different levels, and it describes various methods of constructing the notion 'rural community' and the notion 'rusticity'. The study focuses on the constructivist method of defining these notions, which is an approach typical for sociology. In the study's empirical section more than 40 reports on surveys conducted by the public opinion polling centre CBOS are analysed from the point of view of the contexts in which the notion 'rural community' or the notion 'rusticity' appears and from the point of view of its minimal usefulness in comparisons with four types of towns categorized according to their size. In its conclusions the study draws attention to the stereotyped descriptions of the rural community, to the necessity to show it in a context, and to the subjectivity and political aspects of the formulation of the rural community's definitions in Poland.
2

POLISH PEASANTS IN 1914

100%
Molenda J.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2004
|
issue 3
113-131
EN
The article focuses on the most essential questions from the life of the rural community during the first months of the WW I: mobilisation into the armies of the partitioners, wartime devastation, services, and requisition, and peasant efforts to counteract those negative effects. Peasants were the largest group among the 3 376 000 Poles summoned for active duty in 1914-1918. They also comprised a sizable percentage among the millions migrating within Polish lands and abroad during the early weeks of the hostilities. During the first year of the war the greatest direct losses in the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia, totalling 9,984 billions of Swiss franks in gold, were suffered by the peasant farms. The war operations affected almost 90% of the future territory of the Second Republic (after 1923). The armies of the partitioners resorted to a mass-scale requisition of grain, cattle, swine, and poultry for consumption as well as horses for the cavalry and transport and supply columns. Their value was estimated at hundreds of millions of rubles, marks and crowns.The wives of the summoned men replaced them, usually successfully, in managing the farms and became involved in the public life of the village. This situation contributed to the growing position of the women and children in the peasant family and community. The peasants took part in the registration of the damage and requisitions, which later served as a basis for compensation which together with assorted wartime subsidies and a free-market sale of food were used, i. a. for improving the conditions of the farms.Thus, the peasant farms survived wartime conditions much better than the large landed estates, which reinforced the social and political position of the peasants in the life of the village and the country as a whole.
3

RURAL INTELLIGENTSIA - ITS ORIGINS AND MATERIAL SITUATION

100%
Wasielewski K.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2005
|
issue 3(128)
117-130
EN
For a long time the rural community had not been able to ensure education to its own members and to create a sufficiently attractive offer for those of its few members who had managed to become well educated. This situation did not change even during the early period of People's Poland when masses of young people from rural areas were given a chance to raise their social status or in the later years when the children of peasants and workers were ensured privileges in access to university education by means of a system designed to eliminate significant inequalities in the educational chances of various social groups. It is not surprising then that throughout the post-war period (until the year 2000) the rural community had a negative migration balance and that young people constituted the category of the most frequently migrating inhabitants of the rural areas. According to the results of various analyses, such migrations resulted in the outflow of talented and active people who did not see any prospects for a better future in the countryside and could not accept the conditions prevailing there. In the result of these and many other processes the Polish rural community was in a deep crisis at the time of the change of the political and economic system in Poland. The rural community is generally considered to be a serious barrier hampering the transformation process. The need for changes in the rural areas does not evoke any serious reservations at present. These areas require the introduction of essential changes from without and from within, the latter being immanent changes that have its source in the local community itself. The changes from within are particularly important since they release in a natural way human capital hidden in the rural areas. However, to make this capital work people able to shoulder the process of the rural population's activation are needed. It seems that rural intelligentsia has a particularly great role to play in this respect. Who are the people forming this group? What is their place in the structure of the rural community? What does their material situation look like? What were the circumstances that made them settle in the countryside? Do they feel to be a part of the rural community? This paper represents an attempt at providing answers to these questions.
4

THE POLISH RURAL COMMUNITY'S CULTURAL HERITAGE- AN OPPORTUNITY OR AN OBSTACLE TO DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTEGRATED EUROPE

100%
Bukraba-Rylska I.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2004
|
issue 2(123)
13-27
EN
The cultural heritage of the Polish rural community constitutes a specific type of capital with which the Polish society is entering the integrated Europe. The author of the article draws attention to the possibility of formulating a different than the often expressed extremely critical opinion about that heritage. She also emphasises the significance of the society's positive or negative attitude towards its own tradition. The article's conclusions, which find confirmation in the results of surveys conducted in various parts of Poland in 2003, suggest that a positive attitude towards the rural heritage displayed by the society described by sociologists as a peasant society is more conducive to pro-European attitudes and creation of a new system than criticism, full of complexes vis-a-vis the West, which, at best, may lead to the creation of an imitative capitalism and peripheral democracy.
5

Wies w programach polskich partii politycznych w okresie 1989-2011

100%
Szpyt M.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2011
|
issue 4(153)
83-102
EN
The article discusses the vision of rural community and rural areas as presented in the programs of political parities during parliamentary elections in Poland since 1989. The author analyzes electoral programs of the parties that won seats in the Sejm (Lower House) in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2007 and 2011, pointing to issues emphasized by individual parties and to actions proposed by them. In the conclusion of the article the author puts a question whether political parties truly represent the interests of the Polish countryside and try to react to the problems of the inhabitants of rural areas.
6

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AS A FACTOR OF RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (Lokalne rozvojove aktivity ako faktor rozvoja vidieckej obce)

88%
Faltanova L.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 3
331-348
EN
By means of example set by one village the contribution attracts attention to difficulties caused by transformation and post-transformation processes in Slovakia over the past 20 years to a small terminal village. There is an opinion that nowadays most problems from which rural communities suffer have concentrated in this type of villages with a low number of inhabitants and a disadvantageous location at the end of railway or bus routes and in relation to urbanized centres. The continual outflow of inhabitants causes depopulation; these communities have a negative migratory rate and a constant decrease of the natural growth of inhabitants. The grave situation manifests itself mainly in demographic data since young people abandon the village. The research study deals with various developmental activities and their influence on the improvement of conditions for the development of a small rural settlement and for enhancing its attractiveness for the young generation and other population.
7

PRÍMENIA AKO (STÁLA) SÚČASŤ SOCIÁLNEJ KOMUNIKÁCIE VIDIECKEHO SPOLOČENSTVA

88%
Kotal M.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2010
|
vol. 17
|
issue 1-2
78 – 85
EN
In a common verbal communication occurring between member ś community non – official names are used along official ones. Surnames or family nicknames belong among secondary names and they are used together with first names. Surnames were often substituted by nicknames or they were connected with them. They had a stable position in traditional rural community. This was the case of observed locality of Horné Považie – Terchová. Nicknames had an important role for identification and differentiation of people with the same surname. They were and still are inseparable part of collective memory, they are a natural inter – generation bound. Their origin emerged from the practical need and they became an important part of Slovak folklore.
8

POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE RURAL AREAS OF POLAND AND IN THE EU COUNTRIES

75%
Frenkel I.
Wieś i Rolnictwo
|
2006
|
issue 1(130)
24-70
EN
The article contains a comparative analysis of selected elements of the demographic situation, employment and unemployment in Poland, rural areas included, and in the remaining EU member-states as well as some other European countries. The main object of analysis were the to-date trends (chiefly those prevailing since 1990) and predicted tendencies (until 2030) relating to growth/fall in total population and rural population, the level of natality and mortality, the population's structure according to sex, age and the level of education, the employment rate and frequency of employment in agriculture and of selfemployment, the rate of unemployment and selected features of unemployment. Data available from Eurostat and other international sources as well as from Polish statistical sources served as the basis for comparison. Whenever it was possible the examined phenomena were presented according to the division into urban and rural areas. The conducted comparisons made it possible to determine similarities and differences in the examined processes and structures in Poland and other European countries as well as some factors responsible for these similarities and differences, to determine the role of Poland in the shaping of these phenomena in the European Union and the distance that separates Poland from the more advantageous state existing in the EU.
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