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The Next Step? Suggestions for an Integrative Model for Theorising Ecstasy

100%
Deecke M.
Studia Religiologica
|
2013
|
vol. 46
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issue 3
201–215
EN
The article emphasises the necessity of an integral approach for theorising ecstasy and makes a suggestion for how this could be achieved. Although at first it seemed that the compelling sociological theory of ecstasy by I.M. Lewis and the psychological theories by proponents such as Abraham Maslow, Martin Buber or Theresa of Avila contradicted each other and could not both be true at the same time, it now turns out that these two sets of theories have different scopes of application that hardly overlap. They are thus not conflicting, but incommensurable and useful in different contexts. A very elegant and simple model for demonstrating this is the quadrant model by the integral theorist Ken Wilber, as it makes the diverging applicability compellingly visual. Adapting it for the academic study of ecstasy, it can thus be understood that, while sociological theories apply mostly to the occurrence of ecstasy in hierarchical societies among individuals who identify strongly with their group bespeaking their socio-material desires, psychological theories are best employed with individuals who do not strongly identify with group norms and whose ecstatic states cannot be connected with upward social mobility or means to acquire material gain.
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Rozumienie życia doczesnego i śmierci w źródłach islamskich – Koranie i hadisach

51%
Stefaniuk T., Domańska K.
Kultura i Wartości
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2013
|
issue 6
DE
Im Artikel werden die Grundsätze der islamischen Eschatologie und Soteriologie besprochen, insbesondere das Verständnis des irdischen Lebens und des Todes im Koran und in den Hadithen. Die Quellentexte des Islams bezeichnen Gott als Schöpfer der Welt und den Herrn aller Schöpfung, was wiederum den Glauben an völlige Abhängigkeit des Menschen von Gott bedeutet. Dem Islam zufolge ist der Mensch vor allem Träger der moralischen Tätigkeiten. Er wird nach seinem Tode die Rechenschaft über seine Entscheidungen ablegen, die er in seinem zeitlichen, als vorübergehende Probezeit begriffenen Leben, getroffen hat. Diejenigen Menschen, mit denen Gott zufrieden sein wird, werden mit ewigem Leben in paradiesischen Gärten belohnt, diejenigen dagegen, die Gottes Zorn erregt haben, werden in die Hölle verbannt.
EN
The purpose of the article is the analysis of the foundations of Islamic eschatology and soteriology, and in particular the understanding of life and death in the Koran and the Hadith. Islamic source texts define God as the Creator of the world and the Lord of all creation, which implies absolute faith in humanity’s total dependence on the Almighty. According to the teachings of Islam, humans are primarily subjects of moral actions. As a result, they will be judged on the basis of the choices made during their lifetime, which is understood as the transient trial period. Humans who satisfy God’s wishes will be rewarded with eternal life in the heavenly gardens, while those who fail to comply with the Almighty’s commands will be subject to damnation.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie podstaw islamskiej eschatologii i soteriologii, a szczególnie rozumienia życia doczesnego oraz śmierci w Koranie i hadisach. Teksty źródłowe islamu określają Boga jako Stwórcę świata i Pana wszelkiego stworzenia, co z kolei oznacza wiarę w całkowitą zależność człowieka od Boga. Według islamu człowiek to przede wszystkim podmiot działań moralnych. Zostanie on po swej śmierci rozliczony z wyborów, których dokonał w życiu doczesnym, pojmowanym jako tymczasowy okres próby. Ci ludzie, z których Bóg będzie zadowolony, zostaną wynagrodzeni wiecznym przebywaniem w rajskich ogrodach, tych zaś, na których Bóg będzie zagniewany,obejmie kara Gehenny.
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