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EN
Between agape and blood sacrifice. Kurban in the religious life of Orthodox Christian (Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria)The article is an excerpt of the dissertation „Religious syncretism and anti-syncretism in the light of the coexistence between Muslims (Pomaks) and Orthodox Christians in the Western Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria”. Dissertation is based on field research I did in 2005–2009 in the area of Gotse Delchev, a town in Blagoevgrad Province. I have interviewed community members invested with considerable symbolic potential, such as the mayor and the mufti, Orthodox clerics, hodjas, teachers and quack doctors. I conducted a total of 63 in-depth interviews with 76 people.My findings show that the local Orthodox population is more susceptible to the influence of Islam than vice versa. What is quite striking in this context is that examples of deep syncretism can actually be found among the Christians. This includes the practice of kurban or blood sacrifice, which they regard as a replication of Abraham’s sacrifice and invest with a level of importance that makes it a central aspect of their religious life (possibly more important than the Eucharist). Although Balkan Slavs had practiced blood sacrifice even before the arrival of Islam in the region, the Christian interpretations of the practice evince deep parallels with the Muslim practice of kurban. Both religious groups identify Abraham’s sacrifice as the origin of the practice, and treat the sacrificial lamb as a substitute for a specific human life.Although the scholar Florentina Badalanova has interestingly suggested that the narrative of Abraham’s sacrifice, which is popular in Bulgarian folklore, may have persisted in an unchanged form ever since it originally emerged in ancient Ur and became transmitted orally to the Balkans, her thesis must remain purely conjectural. Where it comes to the Western Rhodopes, I suppose that the motif of Abraham’s sacrifice filtered into Christian religious symbols and narratives via the traditions of adat Islam, many of which had retained close links with Judaism. By adopting the Ottoman Turkish term (kurban) rather than its Semitic variant (qorban), the Christians also adopted the related set of ideas about the sacrifice and its sacred aetiology. The precise ramifications of this example of deep syncretism for the religious experience of Orthodox Christians, though interesting, would require additional in-depth research.
PL
Ekspedycje archeologiczne do Pamfilii i Pizydii w latach 1882/1883 i 1884, kierowane i finansowane przez Karola Lanckorońskiego, były przyczyną jego wizyt na Rodos. W drodze do Azji Mniejszej członkowie ekipy na dłuższy czas zatrzymali się w Rodos i Lindos. Wśród członków ekipy byli fotografowie. Dzięki ich działalności w archiwum fotograficznym Karola Lanckorońskiego – obecnie w Fototece Lanckorońskich Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie – zachowały się zdjęcia wykonane na Rodos. W pracy zaprezentowano także kilka unikatowych zdjęć prezentujących mieszkańców i ośrodki Rodos XIX stulecia.
EN
Archaeological expeditions to Pamphilia and Pisidia, 1882/1883 and 1884, directed and financed by Karol Lanckoronski (1848-1933), on their to Asia Minor twice visited Rhodes, forming their temporary base in Rhodes and Lindos. Photographers were among members of both archaeological expeditions. Thanks to their activity Lanckoroński’s archive – at present in the Archive of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences – has preserved unique photos from Rhodes. The article is also the presentation of some unique visual documentation of 19th century Rhodes.
PL
Położona u wybrzeży Azji Mniejszej wyspa Rodos jest terenem, na którym w starożytności ścierały się wpływy kulturowe i ekonomiczne płynące z Azji Mniejszej oraz ze świata greckiego. Sytuacja ta widoczna jest w mennictwie ośrodków rodyjskich w okresach archaicznym i klasycznym. Trzy rodyjskie poleis, Ialysos, Lindos i Kamiros emitowały własne monety od ostatniej ćwierci VI w. p.n.e. do 408/407 r. p.n.e., tj. do czasu założenia miasta Rodos. Ikonografia monetarna oraz systemy wagowe, w których wybijano monety odzwierciedlają zmiany polityczne i powiązania gospodarcze. Na produkcję monetarną istotny wpływ wywarły powiązania handlowe – przez Rodos prowadziły szlaki handlowe wiążące Grecję z Azja Mniejszą, Lewantem i Egiptem. Sytuacja ta znalazła swoje odbicie w rozlokowaniu skarbów zawierających monety ośrodków rodyjskich. Szczególny charakter ma dyskusja nad produkowanymi na Rodos monetami elektronowymi.
EN
The island of Rhodes, situated near Asia Minor, was an area in which cultural and economic influences from Asia Minor and the Greek world met in Antiquity. Effects of this situation are visible in the coinages of the Rhodian poleis in the Archaic and Classical periods. Ialysos, Lindos and Kamiros issued coins from the last quarter of the 6th century BC to 408/407 BC, i.e. to the time of founding of the city of Rhodes. The history of the coinage of each city is discussed. Coin iconography and different weight systems used in coin production are related to the prevailing political and economic situation. The trade connections of the three Rhodian poleis with Asia Minor, the Levant and Egypt also had a strong influenced on Rhodian coinage. These trade relations well attested by the location of coin hoards consisting of coins of Ialysos, Lindos and Kamiros. Special attention is given to the electrum coins minted by the Rhodian poleis. A special topic of the discussion is the reasons why electrum coinage was produced.
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