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PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie poglądów współczesnych keynesistów, którzy – wzorem J.M. Keynesa – opowiadają się za aktywnym udziałem państwa w życiu gospodarczym. G.A. Akerlof i R.J. Shiller podkreślali, że głównym zadaniem państwa jest powściąganie zwierzęcych instynktów, a także ustalanie zasad funkcjonowania ustroju kapitalistycznego. J.E. Stiglitz domagał się współdziałania oraz wypracowania równowagi między państwem a rynkiem. Państwo powinno ingerować tylko wtedy, gdy może ograniczyć zawodność rynku, chociaż zawodne jest również państwo. Przestrzegał również przed przeregulowaniem gospodarki lub nadmierną deregulacją. Zdaniem P. Davidsona marginalizacja keynesizmu, ograniczanie roli państwa w gospodarce oraz polityka uwolnienia rynków doprowadziły do głębokiego załamania koniunktury w 2007 r. Tylko rząd jest zdolny do usunięcia wad gospodarki kapitalistycznej oraz stabilizacji gospodarki.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the views of contemporary Keynesians who, like J.M. Keynes, favor the active participation of the state in economic life. G.A. Akerlof and R.J. Shiller emphasized that the main task of the state is to restrain animal spirits, and also to determine the principles of the functioning of the capitalist system. J.E. Stiglitz called for cooperation and a balance between the state and the market. The state should intervene only if it can reduce a market failure, although the state itself is also unreliable. He also warned against the over-regulation of the economy or excessive deregulation. According to P. Davidson, the marginalization of Keynesianism, limiting the role of the state in the economy, and the policy of releasing markets and led to a deep downturn in 2007. Only government is able to remove the defects of the capitalist economy and stabilize the economy.
PL
Omówiono modele gospodarki rynkowej: model regulowanej gospodarki rynkowej (mechanizm rynkowy i wolna konkurencja zawodzą w niektórych dziedzinach życia społecznego) oraz model samoregulujący (rynek i jego mechanizmy sam rozwiązuje wszystkie problemy rozwojowe). Scharakteryzowano rolę państwa na tle współczesnej ekonomii oraz w procesie transformacji systemowej.
EN
The state is a fundamental entity in economic policy. Its economic role has long been subject of many disputes. So far these disputes have focused on the question of how much government's presence in the economy there should be. These disputes have not reached an agreement, although the belief has developed, that the role of the state should be much greater than assumed by the traditional theory. Since the previous debates haven't produced a solution, some economists demand that the debate should advance from the question "how much state" to the question "what the role of the state should be, what purposes it should follow and what means it should use ". (original abstract)
EN
The paper deals with the role of the state in the Polish health care sector. The goal of the paper is to show, that the state intervention in health care sector has been considerably reduced over the last twenty years by shifting certain risks to health care providers and patients and by forcing patients to obtain health services from private health care providers and by introducing copayments. This additional weight was neither compensated by tax concessions nor by any financial incentives. There is a ground to maintain that individual patients' obligations will be further strengthened and extended.
Ekonomista
|
2021
|
issue 5
604-623
PL
Autor przyjmuje, że współcześnie mamy do czynienia z wielowymiarowym kryzysem, którego jedną ze składowych jest pandemia. Kryzys ten, jak też podejmowane w związku z nim środki zaradcze tworzą nowy kształt globalnej rzeczywistości społeczno-gospodarczej. Kluczowe są tu wielostronne powiązania pomiędzy pozornie odrębnymi zjawiskami, jak migracje, katastrofy klimatyczne czy skażenie oceanów. Wszystkie te powiązania mają wymiar ekonomiczny, uchwytny w pełni jedynie przy zachowaniu perspektywy globalnej. Stawianie czoła wyzwaniom kryzysowym wymaga współdziałania w skali całego świata - z udziałem państw, organizacji międzynarodowych i wielkich firm. Wobec zawodności tradycyjnej predykcji niezbędne staje się formułowanie scenariuszy zdarzeń mogących nastąpić w wyniku zjawisk kryzysowych.
EN
The author assumes that today we are dealing with a multidimensional crisis, one of the components of which is the pandemic. This crisis, as well as the countermeasures undertaken in connection with it, are creating a new shape of global socio-economic reality. The key issue here are the multilateral links between seemingly separate phenomena such as migration, climate disasters and ocean contamination. All these links have an economic dimension that can be fully tangible only with a global perspective. Facing crisis challenges requires cooperation on a global scale - between countries, international organizations and large corporations. Due to the unreliability of traditional prediction, it becomes necessary to formulate scenarios of events that may occur as a result of crisis phenomena.
EN
Before the recent crisis political decisions were rooted in the neoclassical economics. Using ergodicity axiom and assumption of effective markets (including the financial market) it implied that the path reflecting shifts of the economic system is predetermined and well-known. Hence, liberalism appears to be the only proper kind of policy that allows avoiding exogenous shocks generated by the public authority. The alternative solution of nonergodicity based on the idea of fundamental uncertainty, historical time and bounded rationality has been proposed by Post Keynesians. According to their view in the face of instability and unpredictability of the environment using neoclassical theoretical constructions will inevitably trigger economic crushes. The aim of the paper is to describe the notions of ergodicity and nonergodicity and present their influence on the perceiving of the authority's role and the actions undertaken by the public institutions.
EN
Competitive neutrality is an important factor of the efficiency of mixed markets. Despite the general consent of the governments of OECD countries on the necessity to ensure a level playing field between private and public copanies on mixed markets, in practice, only a few of them take the operation of a complex. Moreover, across countries there are important differences in terms of scope and nature of the instruments used to ensure competitive neutrality. These differences have a negative impact on competition in global markets in terms of internationalization of public enterprises, and when these markets include public companies from countries that are not signatories of good practices on competitive neutrality.
EN
The debate on relation between states and market has always been pivotal to development economics. The role of the state changes with a country's stage of economic development as well as changes in the external environment. The proposed solutions have varied between the socialist state planning model and the liberal model based on the Washington consensus. In between these two extremes there is a concept of developmental state linking active state intervention with a well developed private sector. The role of the state in development has undergone an extensive revaluation after to the recent economic crises and failure of a liberal approach. As a result, contemporary development economics abandons the dichotomy between states and markets.
EN
The subject of research presented in the article is the telecommunication services market in Poland. The principle aim is to assess the regulatory policy in the telecommunication services market in Poland in 2002-2011. In the theoretical part selected issues of competition and regulation were introduced. The research part includes a general analysis of regulatory policy on telecommunication services market in Poland. It was also presented the general issues concerning the development of the relationship between the market and the State at a later stage of its development.
XX
Omówiono rodzaje i skalę środków publicznych w finansowaniu mieszkalnictwa (wykup odsetek od kredytów mieszkaniowych, refundacja premii gwarancyjnych, dotacje dla gmin na dofinansowanie dodatków mieszkaniowych, dofinansowanie remontów spółdzielczych, dopłaty do c.o. i c.w., dotacje na usuwanie wad technologicznych, dotacje dla Krajowego Funduszu Mieszkaniowego (KFM). Przedstawiono ulgi podatkowe związane z mieszkalnictwem. Przybliżono wykorzystanie środków publicznych w mieszkalnictwie w niektórych państwach Unii Europejskiej.
EN
As a result of the system changes in Poland a market-oriented economy strategy was implemented, including dwellings sector. Action of market rights resulted that dwelling becomes a product but not social goods. Worsening economic conditions of economy and regress in dwellings construction resulted in increasing a dwelling distance between Poland and countries of the European Union. As well as in Poland and in countries of the European Union a state intervention in dwellings sector is observed, however instruments of support are diversified. In Poland a half of direct expenditures of state budget spent on dwellings sector is intended for a purpose of reimbursement of guarantee premium and purchase of credits interest which are arrearages came into existence in real socialism. Other influence instruments of state on dwellings sphere are similar or closer like in countries of the European Union. (original abstract)
EN
The economic role of the state is one of the most important issues of both economic theory and practice. Among the tools that governments can use to achieve their goals is the state ownership. This article covers: theoretical and practical justifications, sources of ineffectiveness and brief history of state-owned enterprises. Furthermore it reviews some symptoms of the phenomenon that can be described as "return of state-owned enterprises". These symptoms are: growth of China and other BRIC countries, financial crisis and methods of improving efficiency of state-owned enterprises.
EN
The aim of government is to attempt to provide a constantly improving social welfare. Achieving this goal is by introducing a policy that reduces income inequalities. The market economy is characterized by the fact that primary income distribution is unequal, so it tries to make a "more just" re-distribution of income. The main aim of this article is to show what instruments are used by the State to reduce income differences in society and to assess whether these instruments are efficient in achieving this goal. Gini coefficient is a measure used to assess efficiency. In this paper attention will be focused primarily on the States income policy whose task is to ensure a more fair distribution of income in society.
PL
Trwająca właściwie do dzisiaj dyskusja na temat przyczyn wielkiego kryzysu z okresu międzywojennego pokazuje, jak trudno sformułować na tego typu pytania odpowiedzi, które znalazłyby powszechną akceptację. Kryzysy, szczególnie o takiej skali, jak wspomniany wcześniej wielki kryzys z lat 30., bądź ten, którego końca obecnie wypatrujemy, prowadzą do intensywnie zadawanych pytań "dlaczego", głównie chyba z tego powodu, że pojawienie się takich zjawisk nie było oczekiwane (przynajmniej przez ekonomię głównego nurtu i opartą na niej politykę gospodarczą). Dla wielu obserwatorów oznacza to oczywiście słabości i braki tworzących ten główny nurt koncepcji i modeli ekonomicznych. Odkrywanie przyczyn kryzysów, również tego ostatniego, nie jest jednak zadaniem prostym, także i z tego powodu, że kryzys ma złożoną naturę. Co więcej, chęć zachowania poprawnej metodyki badań ekonomicznych w poszukiwaniu odpowiedzi na pytanie o przyczynę oznacza najprawdopodobniej, że odpowiedź ta musi mieć postać zestawu stosunkowo wielu odpowiedzi na pytania o skutki zjawisk podejrzewanych o bycie przyczynami kryzysu.
EN
The more progressive of current trends in economics and policymaking outlined in the paper reflect a welcome shift away from the entrenched practice of positing and proving abstruse macroeconomic models and articulating the anticipated consequences of policy decisions, and towards an approach that sets out to more rigorously identify the causality underlying economic phenomena and, more importantly, contribute in a meaningful way to resolving pressing practical problems. This is cause for guarded optimism because as the ongoing debate on the causal factors behind the current, persistent crisis continues to expose the gaps and inadequacies of mainstream economic models and concepts, so too is a re-examination of the State's regulatory impact on the financial sector taking place. Notable in this regard is questioning the validity of such pre-crisis legislation-shaping assumptions as financial market efficiency, as well as positing that banking sector regulations should be differentiated across varying categories of bank operating models, or applying to the introduction of new financial instruments procedures modeled after regulatory mechanisms that govern the pharmaceutical industry's marketing of drugs. The caveat downgrading the degree of optimism comprises such factors as the lethargic pace of introduction of the European banking union, regulatory divergence between the US and Europe, as well as the sluggish pace and varied scope of adopting Basel III solutions across jurisdictions.
EN
While the role of modern Japan in world's economy is still very important, it has been changed a lot during last two decades. The process started during late 80's when rapid development of Japanese finished. The golden years based on investment expansion, development of high tech products and growing financial surplus. Then Japan evolved into capital and technology exporter. Changes in economic structure and institutional reforms accelerated this process. The main aim of the article is to described some areas in Japanese economy where the role of state has been changed in last two decades. It focuses on: privatization of state enterprises, changes in importance of some Ministries, role of central bank and financial market. The state support in the development of regions is show in case of clusters.
EN
The aim of our discussion is to look at the socio-economic analysis. It should be assumed that this is the basic resource of various types of knowledge (policy knowledge), which - in principle - is to provide the basis for making public decisions. As a result, these decisions are to be optimal or better than those decisions that are based only on intuition, belief, etc. This is, therefore, an analysis that is to be a resource of rationalized, verifiable knowledge from reliable sources.
PL
Celem naszej dyskusji będzie przyjrzenie się analizie społeczno-ekonomicznej. W punkcie wyjścia proponuję, aby rozważać ją jako zasób różnego typu wiedzy (policy knowledge), która - w założeniu - ma dostarczać podstaw do podejmowania decyzji publicznych z myślą o tym, aby były bardziej optymalne czy lepsze od takich decyzji, które mają opierać się tylko na intuicji, przeświadczeniu itp. Chodzi zatem o analizę, która ma być zasobem wiedzy zracjonalizowanej, weryfikowalnej, pochodzącej z wiarygodnych źródeł.
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