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The following paper will examine how (male) speakers in William Wordsworth’s “The Baker’s Cart” and “Incipient Madness,” which eventually became reworked into “The Ruined Cottage,” narrate the histories of traumatised women. It will be argued that by distorting the women’s accounts of suffering into a didactic lesson for themselves, the poems’ speakers embody the tension present in the chief psychiatric treatment of the Romantic period, moral therapy, which strove to humanise and give voice to afflicted subjects, at the same time trying to contain and eventually correct their “otherness.”
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Slowacki’s Chopin

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PL
Supposed analogies between Fryderyk Chopin and Juliusz Słowacki form a recurring thread that runs through the subject literature o f Romantic culture. Legions of literati, critics, literary scholars and musicologists have either attempted to find affinities between Chopin and Słowacki (on the level of both biography and creative output) or else have energetically demonstrated the groundlessness of all analogies, opinions and assumptions. Consequently, stereotypes have been formed and then strengthened concerning the relations between the two creative artists, particularly the conviction of Slowacki’s dislike of Chopin and his music, which - in the opinion of many scholars - the poet simply did not understand. Considerations of this kind most often centre on a famous letter written by Słowacki to his mother in February 1845. However, a careful reading of this letter and its comparison with Slowacki’s other utterances on the subject of Chopin shows that opinions of the poet’s alleged insanity, petty-mindedness or lack of subtlety in his contacts with Chopin’s music are most unjust. The analysed letter is not so much anti-Chopin as anti-Romantic. It inscribes itself perfectly in the context of the thinking of “the Słowacki of the last years”, since the poet negates crucial aesthetic features o f Romantic music, but at the same time criticises his own works: W Szwajcarii [In Switzerland] and, in other letters, Godzina myśli [An hour of thought] and the “picture of the age”, the poetical novel Lambro. It also turns out that what Słowacki says about the polonaises tallies with the opinions of musicologists and musicians writing about “late Chopin”.
EN
This article examines interpretations and theses contained in two books by Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska. The first of the books entitled ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów [‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński as a reader of Polish poets] was devoted to the art of Romantic reading demonstrated on the example of Zygmunt Krasiński and his readings documented in his correspondence. The second book – Romantyzm „brulionowy” [“Draft paper” Romanticism] is dedicated to the stream of Romantic poetry hidden in scattered manuscripts, draft papers, albums. In both books Norwid is just one of the heroes: in the first work, he was portrayed as one of the poets read by Krasiński, and in the second – as an author who wanted to introduce the title “draft paper” dimension of poetry to the official literary canon. The author proves the latter hypothesis, referring to the interpretation of Czarne kwiaty [Black flowers] and Vade-mecum. She also concludes that this was one of the reasons for rejecting the poet’s work by contemporary readers. Although the theses postulated by the author of both books are supported by desk research, Norwid’s thread would require broader exemplification.
EN
This paper provides a close reading of Paul Farley’s 160-line poem, “Thorns.” The poem is read in dialogue with William Wordsworth’s celebrated Romantic ballad “The Thorn.” Special attention is given to Farley’s treatment of memory and metaphor: It is shown how the first, exploratory part of the poem elaborates upon the interdependent nature of memory and metaphor, while the second part uses a more regulated form of imagery in its evocation of a generational memory linked to a particular place and time (the working-class Liverpool of the 1960s and 1970s). The tension between the two parts of the poem is reflected in the taut relationship between the poet and a confrontational alter ego. Wordsworth’s importance for Farley is shown to inhere not only in the Lake Poet’s use of personal memory, but also the close connection between his poetry and place, as well as a strongly self-reflective strain that results in an interminable process of self-determination. Farley’s independence as a poet also comes across, though, and is for instance in evidence in his desire to avoid the “booby trap” of too simple appropriation of the methods and motifs of his Romantic predecessor.
EN
The present Article is an attempt at an analysis and interpretation of Zygmunt Krasiński’s 1847 poem “Z gór, gdzie dźwigali” (From the mountains, where they carried). The poem, full of sceptical pessimism, refers to the Biblical episode featuring Moses, whom God showed the vast expanse of the promised land from the top of a mountain, telling him, however, that he would see the land but would never enter it. Krasiński addressed this Biblical analogy to participants in the Great Emigration and his entire generation. The metaphorical mountain carries an ambiguous message: on the one hand it radiates (heavenly) light and on the other is a symbolic place of suffering, a Golgotha on the top of which each participants in the Messianic process carries his own cross — the burden of superhuman torment and penance. The mountain top is a place in which each of them experiences transgression, overcoming their own physical and intellectual weaknesses, and achieving spiritual stability by accepting the ungrateful role of “intermediaries” in the journey towards a free homeland. When it comes to the literature of Polish Romanticism, this is a noteworthy and important reflection.
EN
Unlike other famous Romantics, William Blake does not glorify Satan as an embodiment of such concepts as liberty, independence and freethinking. In the following article an attempt will be made to see how in Blake’s poetry and painting the figure of Satan becomes associated with rationalism and the notion of misguided creativity. In this aspect Satan is consistently identified with Urizen, Blake’s personification of the fallen human reason and the creator of the material universe. This identification functions as a critique of empiricism and rationalism characteristic for the Age of Reason.
PL
Tematem artykułu są interpretacje i tezy zawarte w dwóch książkach Ewy Szczeglackiej-Pawłowskiej. Pierwsza z rozpraw, zatytułowana ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów, została poświęcona romantycznej sztuce czytania pokazanej na przykładzie Zygmunta Krasińskiego i jego lektur udokumentowanych w korespondencji. Druga – Romantyzm „brulionowy” – nurtowi poezji romantycznej ukrytemu w rozproszonych rękopisach, brulionach, sztambuchach. W obu książkach Norwid jest tylko jednym z bohaterów: w pierwszej pracy został pokazany jako jeden z poetów czytanych przez Krasińskiego, w drugiej – jako autor, który chciał tytułowy „brulionowy” wymiar poezji wprowadzić do oficjalnego kanonu literackiego. Autorka dowodzi tej ostatniej hipotezy, odwołując się do interpretacji Czarnych kwiatów i Vade-mecum. Wyciąga też wniosek, że była to jedna z przyczyn odrzucenia twórczości poety przez współczesnych czytelników. Jakkolwiek tezy Autorki obydwu rozpraw są poparte źródłowymi badaniami, to w przypadku wątku norwidowskiego wymagałyby szerszej egzemplifikacji.
EN
This article examines interpretations and theses contained in two books by Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska. The first of the books entitled ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów [‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński as a reader of Polish poets] was devoted to the art of Romantic reading demonstrated on the example of Zygmunt Krasiński and his readings documented in his correspondence. The second book – Romantyzm „brulionowy” [“Draft paper” Romanticism] is dedicated to the stream of Romantic poetry hidden in scattered manuscripts, draft papers, albums. In both books Norwid is just one of the heroes: in the first work, he was portrayed as one of the poets read by Krasiński, and in the second – as an author who wanted to introduce the title “draft paper” dimension of poetry to the official literary canon. The author proves the latter hypothesis, referring to the interpretation of Czarne kwiaty [Black flowers] and Vade-mecum. She also concludes that this was one of the reasons for rejecting the poet’s work by contemporary readers. Although the theses postulated by the author of both books are supported by desk research, Norwid’s thread would require broader exemplification.
PL
Tematem artykułu są interpretacje i tezy zawarte w dwóch książkach Ewy Szczeglackiej-Pawłowskiej. Pierwsza z rozpraw, zatytułowana ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów, została poświęcona romantycznej sztuce czytania pokazanej na przykładzie Zygmunta Krasińskiego i jego lektur udokumentowanych w korespondencji. Druga – Romantyzm „brulionowy” – nurtowi poezji romantycznej ukrytemu w rozproszonych rękopisach, brulionach, sztambuchach. W obu książkach Norwid jest tylko jednym z bohaterów: w pierwszej pracy został pokazany jako jeden z poetów czytanych przez Krasińskiego, w drugiej – jako autor, który chciał tytułowy „brulionowy” wymiar poezji wprowadzić do oficjalnego kanonu literackiego. Autorka dowodzi tej ostatniej hipotezy, odwołując się do interpretacji Czarnych kwiatów i Vade-mecum. Wyciąga też wniosek, że była to jedna z przyczyn odrzucenia twórczości poety przez współczesnych czytelników. Jakkolwiek tezy autorki obydwu rozpraw są poparte źródłowymi badaniami, to w przypadku wątku norwidowskiego wymagałyby szerszej egzemplifikacji.
EN
This article examines interpretations and theses contained in two books by Ewa Szczeglacka-Pawłowska. The first of the books entitled ‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński jako czytelnik polskich poetów [‘Homo legens’ Zygmunt Krasiński as a reader of Polish poets] was devoted to the art of Romantic reading demonstrated on the example of Zygmunt Krasiński and his readings documented in his correspondence. The second book – Romantyzm „brulionowy” [“Draft paper” Romanticism] is dedicated to the stream of Romantic poetry hidden in scattered manuscripts, draft papers, albums. In both books Norwid is just one of the heroes: in the first work, he was portrayed as one of the poets read by Krasiński, and in the second – as an author who wanted to introduce the title “draft paper” dimension of poetry to the official literary canon. The author proves the latter hypothesis, referring to the interpretation of Czarne kwiaty [Black flowers] and Vade-mecum. She also concludes that this was one of the reasons for rejecting the poet’s work by contemporary readers. Although the theses postulated by the author of both books are supported by desk research, Norwid’s thread would require broader exemplification.
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