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EN
This article purports to give an outline of the major evolutions in Hašek’s literary output around the year 1918, a year that saw not only the end of the world war, but also, for the writer himself, the start of the Russian civil war. The Russian Revolution meant for Hašek, as he wrote in 1918, the transition from a “war between States” – or “war between Empires” – to a “war of the proletariat against capitalism”. The lack of safe information about Hašek’s biography during this short, yet crucial, period of his life does not still prevent us from retracing the repercussions of the great events of 1918 on the east front – the fall of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, the founding myth of the Czechoslovakian Legion and the beginnings of the Soviet Union – in the literary works of an author who has been taxed for being a renegade to each of the three aforementioned causes. The particular issue of Švejk’s maturation during the war may help us to put the year 1918 into a perspective with the end (though, only to some extent) of the conflicts and the beginning (however protracted) of the post-war period. Whereas the novel was about the Good Soldier’s bursting into the conflict, this article observes Hašek himself, walking out of the world war.
EN
The subject of the article is the last period of General Aleksei Brusilov’s military activity – during the civil war as well as active service in the Red Army. Focus has been placed mainly on the years 1923–1924, when he served in the Soviet forces as General Inspector of the Cavalry, contributing to its increasing professionalization. Due to the lack of any studies on Brusilov in Polish, the author considered it necessary to present an outline of the general’s military career in the army of the Russian Empire until 1914, which gave the paper a more comprehensive character and made it possible to critically assess his command and organizational skills. A brief discussion of the evolution of General Brusilov’s image in historiography and USSR and Russian propaganda has also been included.
RU
Темой статьи является последний период активной деятельности генерала Алексея Брусилова в области военного дела – его судьба во время гражданской войны и активная служба в Красной Армии. Относительно много внимания в работе посвящено 1923–1924 годам, когда герой этой статьи служил генеральным инспектором кавалерии в Советской армии, способствуя усилению профессионализма этих войск. Из-за отсутствия каких-либо исследований на польском языке об этом человеке автор счел необходимым представить описание солдатской карьеры генерала Брусилова в армии Российской империи до 1914 г., что придало работе более целостный характер и позволило критически оценить организационные и командные навыки командира из-под Луцка. Кратко описана также эволюция образа генерала Брусилова в историографии и пропаганде СССР и России.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest ostatni okres aktywnej działalności generała Aleksieja Brusiłowa na polu wojskowym – losy podczas wojny domowej, jak i służby czynnej w Armii Czerwonej. Stosunkowo najwięcej miejsca poświęcono latom 1923–1924, gdy bohater niniejszego tekstu sprawował funkcję Generalnego Inspektora Kawalerii w wojskach sowieckich, przyczyniając się do zwiększenia profesjonalizmu tej broni. Ze względu na brak jakichkolwiek opracowań w języku polskim na temat tej persony, autor uznał za konieczne przedstawienie też zarysu żołnierskiej kariery gen. Brusiłowa w armii Imperium Rosyjskiego do roku 1914, co nadało pracy bardziej całościowego charakteru i umożliwiło poddanie krytycznej ocenie umiejętności dowódczo-organizacyjnych wodza spod Łucka. Pokrótce omówiono też ewolucję wizerunku gen. Brusiłowa w historiografii i propagandzie ZSRS oraz Rosji.
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