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FINDS OF SHAFT-HOLE COPPER AXES FROM THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA IN THE CULTURAL-HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF CENTRAL EUROPE. CONTRIBUTION TO METALLURGY OF LATE AND FINAL ENEOLITHIC

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Bátora J.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2023

vol. 71

issue 2

235 – 285

The study deals with the discovery of shaft-hole copper axes from the territory of Slovakia in the wider cultural-historical context of the Late and Final Eneolithic in Central Europe. In total, there are 13 exemplars of axes with a single cutting-edge from Slovakia which can be classified in three basic types – the Baniabic, Fajsz and Kozarac-Stublo types. They were common not only in the territory of Slovakia, but also in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Clay casting moulds document production of axes in the northern Carpathian environment as well – in the territory of today’s Hungary and Southwestern Slovakia. Spectral analyses have shown that the shaft-hole axes from Slovakia were most probably made of copper from local sources. It is remarkable that both types of copper raw material, i.e. oxidative and sulphidic, were used. The article points to the important role of the Corded Ware culture bearers who brought artefacts and some elements of the burial rite originating in the area above the Black Sea in the Pit-Grave and Catacomb cultures not only to the territory north of the Carpathian arc, to the territory of today’s Poland, but – through the central and upper Danubian basin – also to the western part of Central Europe, i.e. the region of today’s Austria, Germany and Czechia.

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1 Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

1 Bátora J.

1 2023

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FINDS OF SHAFT-HOLE COPPER AXES FROM THE TERRITORY OF SLOVAKIA IN THE CULTURAL-HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF CENTRAL EUROPE. CONTRIBUTION TO METALLURGY OF LATE AND FINAL ENEOLITHIC