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POLICY CHALLENGES IN GERMANY AND POLAND: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THE SHARE DATA (Wyzwania dla polityki spoleczno-gospodarczej w Niemczech i w Polsce na podstawie danych SHARE 24)

100%
Myck M.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2011
|
issue 27
24-38
EN
The paper compares a set of health and labour market outcomes for three populations from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We analyse differences between the Polish aged 50+ and the respective German population divided into those who prior to the unification in 1989 lived in the East and West Germany. In terms of most analysed outcomes we find a 'West-East gradient' with the most favourable statistics found for the west German population and the worst for Poland. The unfavourable situation on the labour market in Poland goes along poor health and lifestyle outcomes on most measures, and it seems that employment and health-related policies should be designed in combination to address the problems. The East–West divide in Germany still seems to present a policy challenge. We find important differences in such outcomes as labour market arrangements and such health outcomes as incidence of high blood pressure and diabetes. The East–West gradient is also found in the so-called underused capacity, i.e. the proportion of healthy individuals aged 50-65 who are not employed. The main factor behind this in Poland is retirement, while the difference in Germany is largely caused by higher levels of unemployment in the east.
2
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Wyzwania dla polityki społeczno-gospodarczej w Niemczech i w Polsce na podstawie danych SHARE

100%
Myck M.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2011
|
issue 28
24-38
EN
The paper compares a set of health and labour market outcomes for three populations from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We analyse differences between the Polish aged 50+ and the respective German population divided into those who prior to the unification in 1989 lived in the East and West Germany. In terms of most analysed outcomes we find a \"West-East gradient\" with the most favourable statistics found for the west German population and the worst for Poland. The unfavourable situation on the labour market in Poland goes along poor health and lifestyle outcomes on most measures, and it seems that employment and health-related policies should be designed in combination to address the problems. The East–West divide in Germany still seems to present a policy challenge. We find important differences in such outcomes as labour market arrangements and such health outcomes as incidence of high blood pressure and diabetes. The East–West gradient is also found in the so-called underused capacity, i.e. the proportion of healthy individuals aged 50–65 who are not employed. The main factor behind this in Poland is retirement, while the difference in Germany is largely caused by higher levels of unemployment in the east
3
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ZDROWIE A KORZYSTANIE ZE ŚWIADCZEŃ ZDROWOTNYCH. KOSZT I DOSTĘP DO USŁUG OCHRONY ZDROWIA

85%
Ruzik-Sierdzińska A.
Polityka Społeczna
|
2016
|
vol. 43
|
issue 7(508)
17-21
EN
The article focuses on the impact of both individual and institutional factors (in that of the socio-economic status) on health prophylaxis and health care usage in the selected European countries. It is an empirical literature review based on SHARE data for people aged 50+.
PL
Artykuł omawia wpływ czynników indywidualnych (w tym statusu społeczno-ekonomiczny) i instytucjonalnych na profilaktykę zdrowotną oraz korzystanie ze świadczeń zdrowotnych w systemach ochrony zdrowia w wybranych krajach europejskich. Jest to przegląd badań empirycznych opartych na danych badania SHARE dla osób w wieku 50 i więcej lat.
4

The Place of Bonds in Financing Business Activity

80%
Mejka W.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2005
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vol. 8
|
issue 2(27)
62-72
EN
The article describes how the Polish enterprises include shares in financing their activity. After presenting the history of shares and the most important legal acts regulating their use on the Polish territories the author describes various kinds of shares according to various criteria: the share holder, the buy out and privileges. He also discusses main functions of shares like enabling even small capital owners to finance their economic activity as well as governing the enterprise by the fraction of share holders which is not in the interest of the rest. The author stresses the share's price parameter: the nominal price, the emission price and current, market price, and discusses the opportunities offered by shares to the enterprise. The shares can contribute to the enterprise's capital as well as the venture capital at the Stock Exchange. The privileges to the share's owner are also considered. The results of two surveys are presented.The first survey involved enterprises located in Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot and neighbourhood, the kind of shares they emitted and the frequency of share emission. The other survey involved data based on the share emission prospects of various enterprises present at the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Other ways of exploiting shares for instance to gain a strategic investor, to save joint venture from bankruptcy or in the case of merger are mentioned as well.
5
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Resilience as a Factor of Longevity and Gender Differences in Its Effects

80%
Lakomý M., Petrová Kafková M.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
|
2017
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vol. 53
|
issue 3
369-392
EN
Various explanations for longevity and mortality differences have been repeatedly tested and discussed in the context of worldwide population ageing. This study contributes to this field of research by testing the potential of resilience as a capacity to adapt in the face of adversity through individual and social resources and is the first European study to investigate how resilience predicts survival in later life. Panel data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe are used to determine the predictors of survival among people over the age of 75 between waves 1, 2, 4, and 5. The results of a multilevel logistic regression show that resilience is a strong predictor of survival among the oldest old and that this is true even when controlling for the amount and severity of adversity. Resilience is found on its own to be a stronger predictor of survival in women, while the amount and severity of adversity is more important in men. Resilience is therefore found to be an important factor in longevity and survival in later life and the stronger effect of resilience in women can partly explain the ‘gender paradox’. To sum up, resilience is observed to be protective against decease, especially through the use of social resources, which are stronger among women and which are not measured in most traditionally used resilience scales.
6
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Content available

Expectations of older workers regarding their exit from the labour market and its realization

80%
Pertold F., Federičová M.
Central European Economic Journal
|
2022
|
vol. 9
|
issue 56
93-112
EN
The objective of the paper is to analyse the labour market behaviour of older workers, specifically cross-country differences in expectations regarding the exit from the labour market and subsequent realization. Using longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data and econometric analysis, we provide an international comparison of the situation of older workers in the Czech Republic with the other countries of Europe. The data show that although expectations about work activity at the age of 63 are quite similar in the Czech Republic from an international perspective, the work activity realized differs significantly between the Czech Republic and other countries. Our principal finding is that the Czech Republic has a high rate of unexpected retirements compared to all other European countries included in this analysis, even if we control for the socioeconomic background of respondents. The econometric analyses further show that up to about one-third of this difference can be explained by the lower retirement age set by the institutional environment in the Czech Republic, which is anticipated by employees at preretirement age. Conversely, the health status of older workers, and even the different allocation of employees to physically demanding occupations, does not have a significant impact on these cross-country differences in unexpected retirements.
7
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OSOBY W WIEKU 50 LAT I WIĘCEJ JAKO DAWCY I ODBIORCY WSPARCIA

71%
Abramowska-Kmon A., Kalbarczyk-Stęclik M.
Polityka Społeczna
|
2016
|
vol. 43
|
issue 7(508)
28-32
EN
In the face of advancing population ageing process one of the important issues is financial and nonfinancial support provided to and by the population aged 50 years and more. These persons help both the dependent adults and grandchildren, but also receive the support from other people. There are several aspects of this topic which are very interesting for analyzing: the frequency, the value and the direction of this help, its motives (two basic: altruism and exchange) as well as the interdependencies between private and public transfers. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the analyses related to the population aged 50 years as givers and receivers of different types of support conducted on the basis of the data from the Survey of Health Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).
PL
W obliczu postępującego procesu starzenia się ludności jedną z ważniejszych kwestii staje się wsparcie finansowe i niefinansowe udzielane i otrzymywane przez osoby powyżej 50. roku życia. Osoby te świadczą pomoc zarówno niesamodzielnym dorosłym, jak i wnukom, a także same korzystają ze wsparcia innych osób. Oprócz częstości, wartości i kierunku tej pomocy interesujące są także motywy (dwa podstawowe to altruizm oraz chęć wymiany), jak również zależność między pomocą prywatną a pomocą państwa. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników analiz dotyczących osób w wieku 50 lat lub więcej jako dawców i odbiorców różnego rodzaju wsparcia przeprowadzonych na podstawie danych pochodzących z badania SHARE (Survey of HealthAging and Retirement in Europe).
8

Health Services Utilization in Older Europeans: an Empirical Study

70%
Srakar A., Hren R., Rupel V. P.
Organizacija
|
2016
|
vol. 49
|
issue 2
127-136
EN
Background and Purpose: Chronic diseases and associated co-morbidities are highly prevalent among elderly and are associated with an increase in health services utilization which in turn raises health care expenditures throughout industrialized societies. However, health care utilization in elderly is still inadequately understood, particularly regarding the differences among European jurisdictions. In our article, we use dataset of Wave 5 of SHARE survey to study the utilization of health care in older Europeans in 15 European countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: We investigate relationships between factors such as age, gender, income, education and health variables and the utilization of various types of health services. We apply regression modeling to study the determinants of health utilization (different socioeconomic and health variables) of older people. Results: We show some significant differences between determinants of health utilization in terms of probability and frequency of usage. We also explore patterns between welfare regimes, taking Eastern European jurisdictions as a reference category. Finally, we show that in a simple causal model the provision of formal and/or informal homecare serves as a complement to utilization of health care services. Conclusion: Results of our article are important for the management of health care facilities in terms of health care usage by older people, and can be of value to health care providers and policy makers in the field.
9

ANONYMITA AKCIONÁROV

70%
Janáč V.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
|
2013
|
vol. 96
|
issue 6
597 – 613
EN
Anonymity of the shareholders is the dominant topic of this article. In the article the author deals with the anonymity of the shareholders from the perspective of analysis of selected provisions of the act, in particular the Commercial Code (act no. 513/1991 Coll.). The attention is focused on individual situations where, during the operation of joint-stock companies, the identity of shareholders are necessarily deanonymised; the article also deals with the opportunities and degree of anonymity, which a shareholder is able to preserve under the valid law.
10

PROBLEMATIKA ZASTUPOVANIA AKCIONÁRA NA VALNÝCH ZHROMAŽDENIACH A NIEKTORÉ VYBRANÉ OTÁZKY

61%
Janáč V.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
|
2011
|
vol. 94
|
issue 6
589 – 600
EN
In the article, the author deals with selected issues associated with the representation of the shareholders on general assembly of the company. After the initial characterization of power of attorney for the representation on the general assembly, the author’s attention focuses mainly on several issues discussed related to the representation of shareholders, namely the issue of the possibility of present attendance for the shareholder and his proxy at the general assembly, further if it is permitted to exercise voting rights for all shares in the same way. The author is also approaching the situations selected from practice, which demands the attendance for the shareholder as well as his proxy at the same time.
11
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„REAL“ OLD AGE AND THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE THIRD AND FOURTH AGE

61%
Petrová Kafková M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2016
|
vol. 48
|
issue 6
622 – 640
EN
The paper focuses on the relation between chronological age and health. The author understands health decline as an indicator of the transition into the fourth age. Currently the definition of the fourth age has been somewhat unclear. Some of the authors consider the fourth age as a synonym of the oldest-old and they define individuals in the fourth age based on their chronological age, mostly between 75 and 80 years. From the perspective of social gerontology, however, such a view is insufficient. Fourth-agers might be characterized especially by the loss of agency, ability to care and to make decisions about themselves. The SHARE data analysis for the Czech Republic confirmed the connection between health decline, frailty and chronological age, but it is not easy to define the exact boundary of the fourth age. Ageing is undoubtedly very individual. The frequently used boundary of 75 years seems to be unsuitable since frailty and general health decline occur more after 80 in men and women. Although the quality of life of older adults declines apparently with age, the decline is more affected by health status than chronological age. Health and quality of life are significantly influenced by the cultural and economic capital of older adults. Older adults with basic education and low income are more at risk of poorer health and lower quality of life. There are also significant gender differences. Women are more fragile, the analysis of the impact of income and education showed, however, that the relationship of gender, health and quality of life is much more complicated. To reach higher quality of life, women benefit from higher income more than men, higher education, however, brings greater benefit to men. Generally, structural factors seem to intervene in health and quality of life significantly.
12
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Older People as Care Givers and Their Roles in Family in the Era of Active Ageing: Case of the Czech Republic

57%
Petrová Kafková M.
Studia Socjologiczne
|
2015
|
issue 2(217)
49-73
EN
In this paper I deal with the issue of care that older people provide to others. In the traditional paradigm, older people are being perceived as recipients of care, but there are new views that show that they are also important providers of care, especially for those of younger age. This text focuses on the purpose for the three major social roles of older people—the role of grandparents, the role of care giving, and the economical role, as well as the intensity with which older people perform these roles. It also describes the balance of these roles and the effects this harmonization brings for the well-being of the older person. As the primary source, the data SHARE 2010 for the Czech Republic is being used. The results showed significant activity of the older people in the intergenerational family solidarity. Most of older people babysit their grandchildren, approximately one-third of them provide personal and practical assistance to other individuals. All such care, whether it be for grandchildren or for other relatives, is often quite intense. The data indicated traditionally higher participation of women in care. A surprising finding from the analysis, though, is the minor effect of the care on well-being of the care giver.
PL
W artykule zajmuję się zagadnieniem opieki, którą starsze osoby świadczą na rzecz innych. Zgodnie z tradycyjnym paradygmatem starsze osoby są postrzegane jako odbiorcy opieki, jednakże występują także sytuacje, kiedy są one również ważnymi wykonawcami opieki, szczególnie kierowanej do osób, które są od nich młodsze. Tekst koncentruje się na trzech głównych rolach społecznych pełnionych przez osoby starsze: dziadków, opiekunów i roli ekonomicznej. Uwzględnia także stopień intensywności, w jakim pełnią one te role i opisuje związany z nimi bilans oraz korzyści płynące z ich ‘zgrania’ na rzecz dobrego samopoczucia osób starszych. Głównym źródłem są dane dla Czech pozyskane w ramach badania SHARE 2010. Wyniki wykazały istotną aktywność starszych osób pod względem międzypokoleniowej jedności rodziny. Większość z nich opiekuje się swoimi wnukami, a około 1/3 tej populacji świadczy zindywidualizowaną i praktyczną pomoc dla innych. Wszystkie rodzaje opieki, bez względu na to, czy pomoc dotyczy wnuków czy innych krewnych, w wielu przypadkach są dość intensywne. Dane wykazały, że udział kobiet w tej pomocy jest tradycyjnie wyższy. Jednym z zaskakujących wyników tej analizy jest niewielki skutek, jaki ten typ opieki wywiera na dobre samopoczucie samego opiekuna.
13
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ZRÓŻNICOWANIE UMIEJĘTNOŚCI POZNAWCZYCH OSÓB STARSZYCH I JEGO SPOŁECZNO-DEMOGRAFICZNE UWARUNKOWANIA

51%
Palczyńska M., Rynko M.
Polityka Społeczna
|
2016
|
vol. 43
|
issue 7(508)
22-27
EN
Cognitive decline is one of the aspects of aging. The article reviews research papers on determinants of cognitive abilities and factors preventing agerelated decline of cognitive function. The reviewed studies use the data from the SHARE survey – a cross-national panel survey with the target population of individuals aged 50 and over. The studies show that early life health and circumstances, education or macro-economic conditions impact the cognitive abilities at older ages. Moreover, there is evidence that being cognitively active, especially postponing retirement, helps slowing the process of cognitive decline.
XX
Jednym z aspektów procesu starzenia się jest pogarszanie się umiejętności poznawczych. Artykuł zawiera przegląd wyników prac badawczych, których przedmiotem jest analiza czynników wpływających na funkcjonowanie poznawcze i jego zmiany związane z procesem starzenia się. Analizy te wykorzystują międzynarodowe dane panelowe SHARE – badania osób po 50. roku życia. Wyniki wskazują, że na funkcjonowanie poznawcze osób starszych mają wpływ różnice w warunkach rozwoju na etapie wczesnego dzieciństwa, edukacja w młodości, czy sytuacja gospodarcza zarówno w młodości, jaki i w wieku średnim. Analizy pokazują także, że aktywność umysłowa, a więc również praca zawodowa, pomaga zahamować spadek umiejętności poznawczych.
14
Content available remote

ZDROWIE I FUNKCJONOWANIE FIZYCZNE W POPULACJI 50+ W ANALIZACH OPARTYCH NA DANYCH SHARE

51%
Topór-Mądry R., Nocoń K.
Polityka Społeczna
|
2016
|
vol. 43
|
issue 7(508)
12-21
EN
The main goal of this article is to review publications using tools and databases collected within the SHARE project that concerns problems of health and physical functioning, mental health, risk fac­ors, aging population and its health consequences. Data from SHARE study were used in many analyzes concerning health, especially to assess the health status and the prevalence of disease conditions, assess conditions of physical functioning and risk factors. Moreover, studies based on SHARE data are used to assess the comparability of scale in relation to international comparisons and between subgroups of studied population aged 50+.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przegląd publikacji wykorzystujących narzędzia oraz bazy danych zebrane w ramach projektu SHARE dotyczących problemów zdrowia i funkcjonowania fizycznego, zdrowia psychicznego, czynników ryzyka, starzenia się populacji i konsekwencji zdrowotnych. Dane z badania SHARE wykorzystano do licznych analiz dotyczących zdrowia, w szczególności do oceny stanu zdrowia oraz rozpowszechnienia stanów chorobowych, oceny funkcjonowania fizycznego i czynników ryzyka. Wiele badań na podstawie danych SHARE służy do oceny zastosowanych skal badawczych w odniesieniu do porównań międzynarodowych oraz pomiędzy podgrupami badanych populacji w wieku 50+.
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