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PL
System służb wywiadowczych PRL i NRD, niezależnie od tego, jak kontrowersyjna wydaje się być prezentowana teza, nie wytworzył znaczących pól wzajemnej kooperacji. Główną tego przyczyną były niedające się przezwyciężyć różnice polityczne. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje problemy związane z kontaktami obu służb w obszarze szeroko pojętego wywiadu elektronicznego (SIGINT) i techniki specjalnej. Udało się je odtworzyć na podstawie kwerendy przeprowadzonej w IPN oraz niemieckim Urzędzie Gaucka. Możliwość przeprowadzenia analizy porównawczej obu źródeł dała okazję do prezentacji zarówno form współdziałania, jak i związanych z nimi antagonizmów między resortami bezpieczeństwa obu państw.
EN
The intelligence services system of the Polish People’s Republic and the German Democratic Republic, irrespective of how controversial the thesis might seem, did not develop a significant level of cooperation, mainly due to insurmountable political differences. The article discusses the problems of the relations between both services in the area of broadly understood signals intelligence (SIGINT) and operational equipment. It was possible to retrace them on the basis of the research conducted at the Polish Institute of National Remembrance and the German Stasi Records Agency. The possibility of making the comparative analysis of both sources allowed to present the forms of cooperation as well as antagonisms existing between the security departments of both states.
EN
Every day, U.S. intelligence agencies gather huge amounts of information from a variety of sources. Collection of information is an essential part of the process described as Intelligence Cycle. The purpose of this article is to identify the essence and nature of intelligence sources and to analyze their practical use by the agencies and departments that make up the U.S. Intelligence Community. The author characterizes the main types of intelligence sources – Human Intelligence (HUMINT), Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), and Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) – and indicates which U.S. intelligence agencies are responsible for their use. Moreover, the author presents the problems with the use of intelligence sources that occur in the work of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Research findings indicate that the best results of intelligence work can be achieved with the use of “all-source intelligence” (also referred to as fusion intelligence), which involves using as many sources as possible to prepare a final intelligence product.
EN
Every day, U.S. intelligence agencies gather huge amounts of information from a variety of sources. Collection of information is an essential part of the process described as Intelligence Cycle. The purpose of this article is to identify the essence and nature of intelligence sources and to analyze their practical use by the agencies and departments that make up the U.S. Intelligence Community. The author characterizes the main types of intelligence sources – Human Intelligence (HUMINT), Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), and Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) – and indicates which U.S. intelligence agencies are responsible for their use. Moreover, the author presents the problems with the use of intelligence sources that occur in the work of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Research findings indicate that the best results of intelligence work can be achieved with the use of “all-source intelligence” (also referred to as fusion intelligence), which involves using as many sources as possible to prepare a final intelligence product.
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