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1
Content available remote

'THIS IS NOT A QUESTION FOR THE HEAD OF STATE' - STRATEGIES USED BY THE OFFICIALS WHEN THEY AVOID ANSWERING JOURNALISTS' QUESTION (PART II: IMPLICIT STRATEGIES)

100%
Bloch J.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2007
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issue 2(4)
189-203
EN
The article deals with implicit strategies used to avoid answering. These strategies are used to cover the fact that the answer is not given. The speaker achieves this by: changing the subject of discussion, generalisations, jokes, making excuses, description of a person who constitutes a subject of the question, subtle differentiations, clarification of ambiguity, reconstruction of the question, appealing to private opinion, stream of nonsense words. These strategies break Grice's conversational rules. They enable the speaker to say what he prepared earlier and state his point of view without answering the question. In the world dominated by media, where it becomes more and more important to transmit new information quickly, such attitude may help to create someone's image and to avoid unwanted question. But it is not always an effective strategy.
2
Content available remote

This is not a question for the head of state - strategies used by the officials when they avoid answering journalists' question (part I)

100%
Bloch J.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2007
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issue 1(3)
195-205
EN
This part of the article deals with explicit strategies used to avoid answering when the speaker refuses to answer by: stating that someone else might answer, that the speaker will answer later, that he (she) does not remember the correct answer or by repeating the question. The answers: 'I do not know', 'I will not answer' are often found in the material. Choice of a strategy helps to achieve a goal defined by the participants of the interview (a journalist and a guest) - they both want to look professional, competent and credible because as such they will present their points of view convincingly and effectively and will build good relations with listeners, speakers or readers.
3
Content available remote

THE STRUCTURE OF STORIES CREATED BY CHILDREN (TWO AND A HALF AND THREE AND A HALF YEARS OLD) DURING AN INTERACTION WITH ADULTS

100%
Dudzik A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2008
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issue 1(5)
235-247
EN
The article describes methods and results of the study of the structure of spoken narrative texts created by children (age 2,6 and 3,6). The analysis was aiming at characterisation of development of the structure of children's stories in the early period of acquisition of language competence. The data described in the paper comes from the project that has been realised for few years. In the study the authoress used an exercise in which a subject must tell a simple picture story 'A cat' (project: M. Hickmann). The outline of the analysis based on literature concerning text's structure, enables to describe children's stories according to their complexity and included informative categories. The results show how the structure of a narrative develops according to the age of a speaker. They also seem to confirm the importance of interactive studies.
4

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EPISTEMIC FUNCTIONS OF TALAN 'PERHAPS' ON A CORPUS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

80%
Kugler N.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2007
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vol. 131
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issue 2
212-235
EN
This paper investigates the functions of the epistemic stance adverb talan 'perhaps' both on the basis of a corpus of written texts and on that of spoken utterances. The comparison revealed differences between the two text types (1) in the frequency of occurrence of talan, (2) in the presence or lack of certain functions, and (3) in the proportions of functions that are present in both corpora. (1) The lexeme talan occurred approximately 3.5 times as often in the 'spoken' text type as in the 'written' corpus. (2) Accumulation of stance adverbs, postposed talan, and overt quotative evidence only occurred in the spoken corpus, whereas it was only in the written corpus that an accumulation of several possible assumptions was indicated by talan. (3) Spoken texts were characterized by clause-initial position, the politeness function, and indication of indirect speech acts by talan to a higher extent; written texts more often exhibited the epistemic function of talan and its role in making statements vaguer. The testing of the various functions of stance adverbs may be facilitated by the observation that talan, in its epistemic function, can be replaced by another stance adverb of a similar modal strength (e.g., esetleg 'maybe', feltehetoleg 'presumably', valoszínuleg 'probably'); in its non-modal, pragmatic functions, however, it can only be substituted for by esetleg.
5

SPOKEN-LANGUAGE EFFECTS IN 16-17TH CENTURY MEDICAL PRESCRIPTIONS

70%
Kuna A.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2007
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vol. 131
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issue 4
470-479
EN
This paper introduces medical prescriptions as a distinct text type, on the basis of 16-17th century Hungarian examples. The primary communicative function of medical prescriptions is giving instructions, a function that occurs in widely divergent forms in those early text samples. Old prescriptions did not have a constant and predefined structure. Nevertheless, in most cases, they began with an initiator, followed by the list of components and procedures required, and were often concluded by a note serving persuasion. The world of the text was complex, the sender and the recipient were not as clear-cut as they are today (doctor and pharmacist, respectively). Further components of the world of text (point of view, temporal and spatial structures, etc.) require further study, involving pragmatic aspects, too. Another interesting field of research could be the analysis of related instructional texts (like cooking recipes, gardening manuals, etc.).
6
Content available remote

Regionální mluva v korpusu mluvené češtiny ORAL2006 se zaměřením na situaci v českém pohraničí

70%
Waclawicova M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2009
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vol. 92
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issue 2
72-87
EN
ORAL2006, a corpus of spoken Czech, provides new opportunities to research the speech of various sociolinguistic types of speakers. In this article, the authoress focuses on regional variation in speech. The speakers in ORAL2006 come from all regions of Bohemia, so she can observe differences in their idiolects related to the region of their origin. Phenomena of traditional dialects bound to a particular region are also typical for the given region in ORAL2006. Some of these phenomena spread from their original region to neighboring regions and often also to the borderland. These phenomena tend to be characteristic for interdialectal Czech. They frequently consist of some type of simplification in the morphological system. As concerns speech in the Czech borderland, the authoress can state that some regional phenomena are only characteristic for a certain part of the borderland, i.e. the part neighboring upon the original region of the phenomena.
7

THE HUNGARIAN PRONOMINAL SYSTEM IN A FUNCTIONALIST FRAMEWORK II.

70%
Laczko K.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2005
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vol. 129
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issue 1
78-88
EN
In this paper the author summarises the contents of her earlier shorter articles on the referential interpretability of pronouns. She gives a detailed account of the issue of pronominal deixis and coreference, and compares the various types she sets up with the functional subgroups of pronouns. Both typical and special cases are discussed. The examples she gives include data from the register of spoken language, too.
8
Content available remote

»Tymcza«, »narka«, »bezva«, »senza« procesy skracania w czeszczyźnie i polszczyźnie mówionej

70%
Krawczyk K.
Bohemistyka
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2009
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vol. 9
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issue 3
177 - 185
EN
The article describes the processes of shortening in Polish and in Czech. The exemplificative material is mostly derived from the Polish and Czech teenage language, because this social group is treated as the most creative group of language users, although it is significant to point out, that in Czech, acronyms can be found in spoken language of adults more often than in the Polish language. The author also notices the tendency to shorten words of English origin among other things, due to the derivative-abbreviatory processes, for example: net < internet, noťas < notebook etc.
9

TERMINOLOGICKÁ REFLEXIA KOMUNIKÁCIE V SÚKROMNEJ SFÉRE VO VZŤAHU K HOVOROVÉMU ŠTÝLU A JEMU BLÍZKYM JAVOM – NIEKOĽKO ÚVAH A POZNÁMOK

61%
Bodnárová M.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
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2013
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vol. 78
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issue 3-4
174 – 186
EN
The paper focuses on the reflection of the approaches to the issue of communication in a private sphere and a systematic organization of the terminological basis related to it. In the foreground, there is a colloquial style. We try to summarize arguments against its existence as well as in favour of its existence as one of the functional styles of the Slovak language. We try to deal also with a problematic relation within the semantic chain colloquial style – spoken language – colloquial language – oral speech – colloquiality. We obtain these findings: colloquial style is a constant part of most of the existing style classifications in the Slovak and Czech linguistics, the most frequently it is realized in a spoken form, through the dialogue and for the realization of the colloquial style it is possible to make use of the means from all the varieties and semi-varieties of the national language.
10
Content available remote

Vachkův pohled na jazykový systém a jazykové normy

61%
Urbanová L.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2010
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vol. 92
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issue 1-2
49-54
EN
In her paper the author recalls her collaboration with the great Czech and world-known Anglicist Josef Vachek, and characterizes his view of the development of the language system. She compares his philosophy of language with that of Wilhelm von Humboldt, who likewise understood language changes as the result of cooperation between internal factors, originating in the language system, and external factors, operating in consonance with ever-changing extralinguistic reality. The paper deals with Vachek’s view of language, which he regards as having two autonomous and complementary language norms: written and spoken. The author presents her position on the shifting borderline between the spoken and the written language in contemporary communication. She compares Vachek’s assessment of the two norms with the British and American approaches as represented especially by M. A. K. Halliday and W. Chafe.
11
Content available remote

Analýza článků Františka Čermáka věnovaných jazykové kultuře

51%
Chromy J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2009
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vol. 70
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issue 2
128-139
EN
This article is concerned with texts by Frantisek Cermak devoted to issues of Czech language cultivation. Four major topics are analyzed: standard vs. common Czech, written vs. spoken Czech, prescriptivism and the native language of Czechs. Various problems in the analyzed texts result from an unclear methodological background. Many concepts are used without argumentation: Cermak fails to substantiate their suitability for his language description. We can find uncorroborated generalizations which can be interpreted as Cermak's communicative strategy. Many statements are rather impressionistic and are not based on relevant language observations. With regard to these findings, the author of this paper argues that a deep-reaching dialogue should be held, which may help to clarify the indeterminate situation in Czech linguistics concerning issues of language cultivation.
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