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From Research into the Attitude of the Authorities of the People's Republic of Poland towards the Meat Shortage

100%
Jarosz D., Pasztor M.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2005
|
vol. 65
229-268
EN
The article describes the attitude of the communist authorities in Poland towards the shortage of meat and their methods used to prevent this situation while simultaneously retaining the principles of the ruling system. The analysis is based on documents of the central Party authorities as well as those of the not a few state ministries and central offices. The ensuing findings show that food shortages were universal in post-1945 Poland and an analysis of documents indicate that there was not a single period in the history of the People's Republic of Poland when social needs relating to the consumption of meat and meat products were met. It does not mean that the shortages had not been tackled and the measures taken may be divided into two groups: those which increased meat supplies and those which limited the demand. The socially 'more lenient' versions consisted predominantly of creating conditions for the development of agricultural production and the food industry which included a gradual departure from the system of obligatory supplies of farm produce, including livestock (from 1972), a periodic increase in the price of contracted pigs and cattle, and the import of means necessary for farm and meat production. The socially more burdensome versions entailed primarily the introduction of compulsory supplies and penalties for refusing to fulfil this duty. The most moderate method of limiting demand for meat and meat products was to stimulate the consumption of other food commodities and industrial articles.The accompanying administratively-restrictive measures included meatless days (introduced already in 1946) and the so-called meatless Mondays in the Gomulka-era (from 1959). Direct rationing of pertinent supplies proved to be much more effective. The most onerous method of reducing demand for meat involved raising its price, which frequently became one of the direct causes of social unrest in Poland (December 1970, June 1976, July-August 1980). The shortage of meat and meat products encouraged the commitment of crimes and abuse. The tendency to penalise the perpetrators was expressed most spectacularly in the period from 1963 to 1965. One of the accused, Stanislaw Wawrzecki, was sentenced to death and executed on 19 March 1965. This leads to the conclusion that meat shortages in the People's Republic of Poland generated particular tension in relations between the authorities and society. The communist authorities considered the accessibility of staple foods to be a condition for social peace.The doctrinal impossibility of introducing a free-market mechanism compelled them to resort to the steps analysed in the article.
2
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Model funkcjonowania rynku deweloperskiego

80%
Gostkowska-Drzewicka M.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2012
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
49-67
EN
The aim of this article is the explanation of the economic mechanism of functioning of real estate development market. Due to lags between supply and demand decisions characteristic for this market the prices of real estate undergo changes. To illustrate these processes the cobweb model has been applied. However, such a description doesn’t explain economic mechanism of function-ing of real estate development market in detail. Therefore, it was necessary to provide economic relations among real development market and the other real estate market segments.
3

ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS DEMAND ON E.U. MARKETS BASED ON COMMERCE ACTIVITY OF LARGE STORES

80%
Ghita S., Titan E.
Contemporary Economics
|
2008
|
issue 3(7)
71-82
EN
Retail in large store-chains extended in well-developed countries. 465 million inhabitants express their supply on their markets; between 2000 and 2005 sales values were increasing; the increase-sources were the promotional prices, as well as the European buyers' availability to respond to the supply's diversity. After the political events that happened after 1989, in Romania appeared large hypermarket-chains and supermarket-chains, most of them being transnational companies that developed their own business in our country. Due to these commercial-units, the retail-value in Romania grew in a spectacular way, with more than 85% during 2000-2005 period, although from the retail-value per inhabitant point of view, we are far behind other European countries' level. The number of retail-commercial units, as well as the sales-purchasing value in these units characterizes the commercial sector situation in a country. For a comparative analysis at territorial level, for different European Union's countries, we will realize a multicriterial hierarchy, based on the two statistical indicators previously mentioned, and on other two general macroeconomic indicators: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per inhabitant and unemployment-rate. The main European Union's countries hierarchy based on the four criteria was realized by two statistical methods: the ranks' method and the relative-distance method from the maximum performance unit.
4

Skutki nieracjonalnej obsługi logistycznej procesów gospodarczych na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa produkcyjno-handlowego

70%
Lewandowski G.
Roczniki Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Toruniu
|
2011
|
issue 10
243-252
EN
Over the last several years there has seen a dynamic development of methods and techniques of logistics management in enterprises. For the efficient functioning of all trade and manufacturing companies, regardless the core of its production and the scale of its activities, it is necessary to acquire resources. Mismanagement of resources translates directly into company performance. High quality of the finished products guarantees the success of the company. Customer satisfaction plays an important role. An appropriate use of its infrastructure and support programs, can contribute to the increased effectiveness of the company.
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