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EN
This study analyses some customs and rituals of the German minority in central and northern Moravia. Most of the material referenced comes from field research of the Nízký Jeseník and Haná regions, conducted by the author himself during the late 1990s and early 2010s. The process of collecting empirical material was focused on the German-speaking population in central and especially northern parts of Moravia. The German minority lived in these regions from the period of great colonisation in the 13th century practically until 1946 when, following the end of World War II, the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia was ordered as a part of the country’s post-war policy. In his study, the author has focused on real-life examples of traditions related to three holidays falling within the winter/New year annual cycle of customs in the regions of central and northern Moravia: namely the Saints’ days of Saint Martin, Saint Andrew and Saint Nicholas. Aside from a description of the customs and rituals, this study attempts to offer an explanation for the origin and development of the features of winter/New year customs and the traditions related to such festivals.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor przybliża cztery pieśni do świętego Mikołaja, pochodzące z opublikowanego w 1871 roku w Pelplinie Zbioru pieśni nabożnych katolickich do użytku kościelnego i domowego. Pieśni nie posiadają tytułów. Ich incipity są następujące: pieśń I Niech będzie Bóg nasz pochwalony w świętym Mikołaju, pieśń II Krzyknijmy wszyscy, zgodnemi głosami, pieśń III Mikołaj Biskup przebłogosławiony, pieśń IV Kochany Bogu święty Mikołaju. Warstwa semantyczna pieśni wyrasta z nurtu tzw. religijności potrydenckiej, która wyrażała się między innymi w postrzeganiu istniejącego zła, choroby czy innego nieszczęścia jako kary Bożej za grzechy ludzi. Z drugiej jednak strony ukazuje postawę, która świadczy o tym, że to właśnie Bóg może dokonać cudownej interwencji, dlatego człowiek wzywa orędownictwa świętego. Z kolei w warstwie muzycznej pieśni posiadają prostą budowę i nieskomplikowaną linię melodyczną. Te przymioty niewątpliwie pomagały w modlitwie do ulubionego świętego.
EN
In this article, the author describes four hymns to Saint Nicholas originating from the collection Catholic Devotional Hymns for Church and Home Use, published in 1871 in Pelplin. The hymns are untitled. Their incipits are as follows: hymn I Let our God Be Praised in Saint Nicholas, hymn II Let us All Shout with One Voice, hymn III Saint Nicholas the Blessed Bishop, hymn IV Beloved God and Saint Nicholas. The semantic layer of the hymn grows out of the trend of so-called post-Tridentine devotion, which was expressed, i.a., in the perception that evil, illness or other misfortune was God’s punishment for people’s sins. On the other hand, it shows an attitude that illustrates that God can make a wonderful intervention, and for that reason the human calls on the intercession of the saint. In the musical layer, in turn, the hymns have a simple structure and an uncomplicated melodic line. These qualities undoubtedly helped in the prayer to the beloved saint.
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