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Samuel Beckett and Ireland

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PL
Artykuł stanowi bardzo obszerne i szczegółowe studium złożonych relacji Becketta z Irlandią jako krajem oraz z irlandzkością pojmowaną jako stan ducha. Autorka wyczerpująco omawia fakty biograficzne, wypowiedzi Becketta oraz krytyków, a także same dramaty, aby oddać całą niejednoznaczność i nerwowość relacji autora Czekając na Godota do własnego kraju. Przy okazji artykuł staje się wyczerpującym wprowadzeniem do całej twórczości Irlandczyka, wskazując jednocześnie na tak ważne elementy jego dzieła i krytycznej recepcji, jak: problem języka, problem przekładu czy rolę biografii w kształtowaniu się twórczości tego autora.
EN
Beckett’s epistemological pursuit of brevity can be found even in the titles or subtitles of writings like From an Abandoned Work, Rough for Theatre I and Rough for Theatre II, Come and Go. A Dramaticule, Intermedium or Ohio Impromptu. Para- and/or architextual wordings like ‘intermedium’, ‘rough’, ‘a dramaticule’, ‘impromptu’ or ‘from an abandoned work’ provide further examples of this tendency. The main goal of this article is to present Beckett’s specificity against the background of the tradition of genres and the poetics of the romantic fragment. The author also analyzes the connection between the structure and style of Beckett’s works and their epistemological and aesthetic functions. She presents how, by engaging with Romanticism, Beckett reveals the illusion of the infinite, representing it as a derivative of the human mind rather than an objective quality. Despite this basic difference, the poetics of fragment in the works of this Irish writer becomes a mode of manifesting uncertainty and sometimes even of cognitive incapacity.
PL
Artykuł omawia sposoby przedstawiania obrazów szpitala psychiatrycznego w powieści Samuela Becketta pt. Malone umiera. Jego celem jest analiza pozatekstowych elementów w twórczości autora oraz ich rola w krytyce genetycznej. Dodatkowo artykuł podejmuje refleksję nad pozycją i miejscem autora w krytyce genetycznej. Wyjściowym założeniem artykułu jest teza stawiana przez Iaina Baileya mówiąca o tym, że krytykę genetyczną należy uprawiać w powiązaniu z innymi teoriami jak na przykład historycyzmem. Beckett prowadził niemalże naukowe przygotowania do pisania własnych tekstów, a także dokładał starań, by poczynione obserwacje zintegrować z materiałem stanowiącym podstawę własnego dzieła. Jego rozległe notatki oraz zapiski stanowią zatem doskonałą podstawę do badań genetycznych. Pomimo obfitości materiału dokumentacyjnego obrazy zakładu psychiatrycznego ukazanego w Malone umiera (którego pierwowzorem był dubliński szpital Saint John of God) noszą bardzo niewielkie echa pierwotnych tekstów i zapisków. Znaczenie tego szpitala w biografii Becketta odgrywa więc istotną rolę dla rozumienia jego ostatecznego przedstawienia w powieści, zarówno pod względem jej zakomponowania jak i późniejszej recepcji. Z niekompletnych zapisów empirycznych doświadczeń daje się jednak odtworzyć obraz pisarza istniejącego za zasłoną własnych tekstów i po części chociaż odzyskującego istnienie wiele lat po tym, kiedy Roland Barthes ogłosił śmierć autora.
EN
This article focuses on Samuel Beckett’s use of the asylum in his novel Malone Dies to explore the role of non-textual elements in genetic criticism (the study of a writer’s creative process through the analysis of their compositional manuscripts), as well as the function of the author in genetic analysis. Taking as its starting point Iain Bailey’s challenge to genetic critics to account for the biographical author which underpins the discipline’s study of written traces in authorial manuscripts, the article contends that genetic criticism must be used in tandem with other approaches such as historicism when studying spaces like Beckett’s asylums. Though Beckett took a scholarly approach when integrating such material into earlier work, making research notes which can be regarded as part of the genetic dossier, the asylum in Malone Dies – based on Dublin’s Saint John of God Hospital – leaves no such trail of textual breadcrumbs. Therefore, we must pay particular attention to the historical function of Saint John of God’s in order to understand how the asylum works in composition and reception. In doing so, an author existing beyond the written traces they leave behind can retake their place in a necessarily incomplete empirical field over five decades after Roland Barthes prematurely declared their death.
PL
Autor analizuje szereg zmian wprowadzonych do tekstu dramatu Samuela Becketta Czekając na Godota, których dokonał autor tłumacząc tekst oraz inne osoby zajmujące się edycją manuskryptu sztuki. Opisując szczegółowo różnice między poszczególnymi wersjami manuskryptu, autor tłumaczy, w jaki sposób zmiany te wynikają z popularnych w tamtej epoce poglądów dotyczących degradacji człowieka i ludzkości. Artykuł kreśli zarówno zarys poglądów samego Becketta na te zagadnienia, jak i ogólne filozoficzne i kulturowe tło epoki. Obok tych genologicznych dociekań autor stawia tezę, że tematem sztuki Becketta jest w mniejszym stopniu nieobecności Godota, czy Boga, a w większym lęk wywołany wizją degradacji ludzkości, umierania i zaniku życiowych energii. Artykuł stanowi zatem przeglądowe omówienie stanowisk filozoficznych, które stoją za powstaniem Czekając na Godota, szczególnie monologu Lucky’ego, a także daje wgląd w historię edytowania tekstu sztuki.
EN
The article concentrates on a variety of textual alterations introduced to Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot either in the process of translation by the author or by the third parties. In a close reading of these changes the article follows the philosophy of human degradation and connects it both with Beckett’s own ideas on the matter and with a broad cultural context of the epoch. Apart from this philological and cultural analysis, the article advances a thesis that the main theme of Beckett play is not necessarily the absence of Godot/God, or a figure of authority, but the fact of humanity slowly descending into stagnation, depletion of energy and hope as well as physical deprivation. Therefore the article offers an interesting study of Beckett from textual and cultural perspectives, but it also makes a contribution to the genetic criticism of his oeuvre.
5
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EN
The author evokes some hypotheses on the question of the negative way as a structural data in relation to the process of Beckettian writing (the critical position with respect to language; the practice of dispossession; disfigurement) by taking up elements of his books published by Classiques Garnier in 2019: La parole trouée. Beckett, Tardieu, Novarina, and Les Voies négatives de l’écriture dans le théâtre moderne et contemporain.
EN
This paper aims at the interpretation of the father as an empty figure of authority in Samuel Beckett’s radio play entitled Embers. Through the close-reading of this play and the analysis of the relations between the protagonist and the two feminine characters, Ada and Addie, it demonstrates how the father figure coincides with the classical impasse of Beckett’s oeuvre: the subject unable to manifest itself. Due to that fact, the father is presented in the constant process of wearing his authorial space out. It is eventually demonstrated that in Embers the subject is coerced to balance between its self-deconstruction and the paternal violence: its focus on its own materiality results in the collapse of language, whereas overt attention on the linguistic cognition puts forward the logic of remnants resisting father’s orders, be it in the form of sound collage, or material element immune to symbolisation.
EN
This analysis of Agata Zubel’s Not I brings to the fore the problem of the identity of the composer who is also the first and the model performer of her works. In the words of Not I written by Samuel Beckett that mean the negation of the first grammatical person sung by Zubel-performer tell the thoughts of Zubel-composer, who symbolically rejects reducing they creative output to he performing skills. Th e tension between the roles of the composer and the performer can be explained by the pressure from the new music market focused on the performance. Th e functioning of that market can be described in the terms of superstar economy. Although the long tail theory have predicted that digitalisation of the music market would result in the reduction of the superstar effect strengthening the position of other actors, new empirical data show that the digital market is heading in the opposite direction, making the difference between superstars and the others even bigger.
EN
This article reflects on Samuel Beckett’s A Piece of Monologue (1979) and Caryl Churchill’s Here We Go (2015) as plays that engage with the theme of “the dying and the going”. Both playwrights are internationally renowned for their theatrical innovation, hence this article investigates how their plays explore the propensity of old age to transgress the limitations of theatrical representation and to induce heightened awareness of the audience. Beckett’s play resembles an extended poetic image whose minimalism parallels the diminishing powers customarily associated with ageing. Yet Beckett’s minimalism redirects the focus on what almost perishes, ceases to be, and affirms Speaker’s urge to tell a story and to persist with “the one matter.” As such, the limited resources of old age are not considered as a hindrance to addressing the mystery of human existence and instead become empowered by the artistic arrangement of the text. Caryl Churchill’s Here We Go resembles a triptych and its three parts employ first dialogue, then monologue, and finally resort to silence to address our mortality. The play’s brevity and the diversity of applied aesthetic and structural solutions are matched with a script that gives the director and actors ample scope for artistic freedom and creativity. Therefore in their investigation into old age and death both playwrights escape the demands of chronology and teleological narratives and employ daring and imaginative techniques to challenge the medium they work in and to confound the conventional expectations of the theatre audience.
EN
Hegel finds that “a darned sock is better than a torn one; but it’s not so with self-consciousness”, he uses the sock as a metaphor for the mind to express the negativity, the absence or the imperfection at the base of the consciousness of self, as well as other manifestations of the human psyche. He thus warns against any artificial attempt to fill, complete, or “mend” such socks of the mind. As unexpected as it may be, this metaphor appears in many literary works. The article examines four such texts: The Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc by Charles Peguy, In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust, Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett and The Man Who Sleeps by Georges Perec.
CS
Když Hegel tvrdí, že „zalátaná ponožka [je] lepší než děravá; ne v případě sebevědomí“, má tím na mysli ponožku jakožto metaforu jisté negativity, absence, deficitu, ne­dostačivosti či nedokonalosti, která je fundamentální vlastností sebevědomí i dalších projevů lidské psýché, a kterou tudíž není záhodno nějak uměle „zalátávat“, překlenovat či doplňovat. Přestože se takovýto příměr může jevit poněkud neobvyklým, text článku prokazuje existenci obdobné „ponožkové metafory“ ve čtyřech významných dílech moderní francouzské literatury, kterými jsou Mysterium lásky a útrpnosti Johanny d’Arc Charlese Péguyho, Hledání ztraceného času Marcela Prousta, Čekání na Godota Samuela Becketta a Muž, který spí Georgese Pereka.
FR
Lorsque Hegel constate qu’« une chaussette reprisée plutôt qu’une chaussette déchirée ; il n’en va pas de même de la conscience de soi », il se sert de la chaussette comme d’une métaphore de l’esprit pour exprimer la négativité, l’absence ou l’imperfection se trouvant à la base de la conscience de soi, ainsi que d’autres manifestations du psychisme humain. Il met ainsi en garde contre toute tentative artificielle de remplir, compléter ou « repriser » de telles chaussettes de l’esprit. Aussi inattedue qu’elle soit, cette métaphore apparaît dans de nombreuses œuvres littéraires. Le présent article en examine quatre principales : Le Mystère de la charité de Jeanne d’Arc de Charles Péguy, À la recherche du temps perdu de Marcel Proust, En attendant Godot de Samuel Beckett et Un homme qui dort de Georges Perec.
EN
There is no fiction in narrative prose that testifies to a playful intentionality more manifest than a “comic story”: this article illustrates it by first analyzing the strategies of Scarron, master of the game, in the burlesque incipit of The Comic Novel. Spanning the three centuries that separate the publication of Scarron’s novel (1651) from that of Molloy (1951), not without underlining the impact that silent cinema has had on the means and effects of burlesque in a fiction in narrative prose, we then question Beckett’s strategies, more complex or more equivocal, not only because the author seems to hide his game, sheltered from a narrating voice, but also because fiction, understood as “shared playful pretense”, then opens up to the registral interference of pathos.
FR
Il n’est pas de fiction en prose narrative qui témoigne d’une intentionnalité ludique plus manifeste qu’une « histoire comique » : cet article l’illustre en analysant d’abord les stratégies de Scarron, maître du jeu, dans l’incipit burlesque du Roman comique. Enjambant les trois siècles qui séparent la parution du roman de Scarron (1651) de celle de Molloy (1951), non sans souligner l’impact qu’a eu le cinéma muet sur les moyens et les effets du burlesque dans une fiction en prose narrative, on interroge ensuite les stratégies de Beckett, plus complexes ou plus équivoques, non seulement parce que l’auteur semble cacher son jeu, à l’abri d’une voix narratrice, mais aussi parce que la fiction, entendue comme « feintise ludique partagée », s’ouvre alors à l’interférence registrale du pathétique.
Muzyka
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2022
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vol. 67
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issue 3
114-136
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the composition ‘Not I’ by Agata Zubel, one of the most prominent and significant Polish women composers of the middle generation, with respect to verbal-musical relations. My research method has been inspired by Michał Bristiger’s findings resulting from the assumption that a proper understanding of vocal-instrumental music calls for the application of a double perspective: musical and linguistic. I therefore analyse the two ‘texts’ distinguished by Bristiger, which together make up the composition as an organised whole, i.e. the original literary text and its transformations for the needs of the musical piece, interpreted here as an element of the artistic whole, as well as the so-called ‘great verbal-musical text’, that is, the work in its entirety. In the context of Beckett’s dramatic monologue under study, elements of the work’s formal structure have been discussed along with stylistic tools that define the overall characteristics of the writer’s manner of expression, as well as the main thematic elements of the work, with an attempt to interpret its symbolic meanings. A formal analysis of the composition has also been performed, indicating the sound structures present in the piece and the composition techniques it applies. The analysis also takes advantage of linguistic tools. The key motifs appearing in the literary text under study, referred to in Algirdas Julien Greimas’ semantic theory as semiological classes, have been indicated. This made it possible to point to certain semantic universals in the literary model, which come close to the semantic universals of the music and are at times identical with the latter.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza kompozycji Not I Agaty Zubel, jednej z najważniejszych i najwybitniejszych kompozytorek polskich średniego pokolenia, w zakresie związków słowno-muzycznych. Inspiracją dla przyjętej metody badawczej były ustalenia Michała Bristigera wyrastające z założenia, że właściwe rozpoznanie muzyki wokalno-instrumentalnej wymaga przyjęcia dwóch perspektyw badawczych: muzycznej i językowej. Analizie podlegają zatem wyodrębnione przez Bristigera „teksty” tworzące uporządkowaną całość kompozycji, tj. oryginalny tekst literacki i jego transformacja na potrzeby utworu, traktowana jako element całości dzieła muzycznego oraz tzw. wielki tekst słowno-muzyczny rozumiany jako całość utworu. W kontekście badanego monologu dramatycznego Becketta omówiono elementy budowy formalnej utworu, zastosowane środki stylistyczne pozwalające określić ogólne cechy charakterystyczne sposobu wypowiedzi pisarza, opisano ponadto główne wątki tematyczne utworu oraz podjęto próbę interpretacji symbolicznego wymiaru znaczeń w nim zawartych. Analiza zawiera także analizę formalną kompozycji, wskazanie obecnych w utworze struktur dźwiękowych oraz zastosowanych technik kompozytorskich. Do analizy wykorzystano ponadto badawcze narzędzia lingwistyczne. Wskazanie głównych motywów występujących w analizowanym tekście literackim, które w teorii semantycznej Algirdasa Juliena Gremaisa określane są jako klasy semiologiczne, pozwoliło określić pewne uniwersalia znaczeniowe użyte w literackim pierwowzorze, które zbliżają się do semantycznych uniwersaliów muzyki, a niekiedy się z nimi identyfikują.
RU
The aim of the article is the presentation of some interesting and stimulating questions connected with the problem of eschatological codes in the Theatre of the Absurd. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the topos of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd. Because the subject has been underexplored so far, the author tries to triangulate the Theatre of the Absurd within the genre of drama first, and then moves on to the short reflection on chosen plays of Beckett and Ionesco, concentrating on the role that eschatological elements, funereal objects and eschatons play in them. The starting point of this paper could be called “eschatology of the Absurd” or “immortality deconstructed”. Meaninglessness, as the value of absolute meaning, the meaning (Sinn) and significance (Bedeutung) of Death in the Theatre of the Absurd, is also discussed. As a method of research, he proposes a short “collective phenomenological analysis”. To analyse the issue from a broad perspective, the author takes into account the relationships between the writers and their times, and refers to cultural sources, specifically the Paradox of Death in the Theatre –particularly in the Theatre of the Absurd.
EN
This article is devoted to the use of the aesthetic of marionettes in twentieth-century theatre in Poland, French-speaking Belgium and France. Starting with the treatment of marionettes in Maurice Maeterlinck’s play Interior, the analysis of plays shows the function of the marionettisation of characters and how puppets inspire authors, on different levels, in the representation of metaphysical, political or social issues.
EN
“How Beckett’s Man Was Born from Keaton, or an Absurdist Book of Genesis” is an attempt to find the origins of Beckettian characters in cinematic tradition. The choice of Buster Keaton is intentional, as it was him – proud and headstrong and not the overly sentimental Chaplin – who introduced the sphere of the essence of existence (stemming from the antic tragedy) into the world of slapstick (a part of low culture). Keaton – the deadpan comedian from his serious comedies and Samuel Beckett – the creator of the theatre where lack of action forms the bulk of the action both entered the field of eschatological reflections while contradicting the form they both had been using. Experimenting with Time as a matter in the work they achieved a narrative breakthrough – Beckett by stretching it to the unbearable, never-ending “here and now”, Keaton by shrinking it, so that the hero could never keep up with the events or the viewer’s perception. All in the name of absurd, the sense of which both Beckett and Keaton shared to a surprising extent.
PL
How Beckett’s Man Was Born from Keaton, or an Absurdist Book of Genesis “How Beckett’s Man Was Born from Keaton, or an Absurdist Book of Genesis” is an attempt to find the origins of Beckettian characters in cinematic tradition. The choice of Buster Keaton is intentional, as it was him – proud and headstrong and not the overly sentimental Chaplin – who introduced the sphere of the essence of existence (stemming from the antic tragedy) into the world of slapstick (a part of low culture). Keaton – the deadpan comedian from his serious comedies and Samuel Beckett – the creator of the theatre where lack of action forms the bulk of the action both entered the field of eschatological reflections while contradicting the form they both had been using. Experimenting with Time as a matter in the work they achieved a narrative breakthrough – Beckett by stretching it to the unbearable, never-ending “here and now”, Keaton by shrinking it, so that the hero could never keep up with the events or the viewer’s perception. All in the name of absurd, the sense of which both Beckett and Keaton shared to a surprising extent.
EN
Jakub Popielecki draws on Roger Ebert’s anecdote and discusses similarities between Gus Van Sant’s Gerry and the theatre of Samuel Beckett. The movie and Beckett’s plays (such as Waiting for Godot) share many components: a sexually ambiguous pair of main characters, Buster Keaton’s physical comedy as a source of inspiration and use of wordplay in the title. Is Van Sant’s film a rethinking of “Beat Generation”-inspired road movie mythology? Are the characters played by Matt Damon and Casey Affleck nomads (as described by Gilles Deleuze)? What connects Van Sant’s and Beckett’s works with the phenomenon of boredom? Popielecki sees the minimalist style of these artists as a sign of a new attitude towards the problem of aesthetic experience.
PL
Boredom of travelling, boredom of waiting. Gus Van Sant’s “Gerry” and the theatre of Samuel Beckett Jakub Popielecki draws on Roger Ebert’s anecdote and discusses similarities between Gus Van Sant’s Gerry and the theatre of Samuel Beckett. The movie and Beckett’s plays (such as Waiting for Godot) share many components: a sexually ambiguous pair of main characters, Buster Keaton’s physical comedy as a source of inspiration and use of wordplay in the title. Is Van Sant’s film a rethinking of “Beat Generation”-inspired road movie mythology? Are the characters played by Matt Damon and Casey Affleck nomads (as described by Gilles Deleuze)? What connects Van Sant’s and Beckett’s works with the phenomenon of boredom? Popielecki sees the minimalist style of these artists as a sign of a new attitude towards the problem of aesthetic experience.
16
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The theater is always dying

44%
PL
Teatr zawsze umiera [The Theater Is always Dying] śledzi odporność spektakli teatralnych na żywo w obliczu konkurencyjnych form performatywnych, takich jak kino, telewizja i współczesne usługi przesyłania strumieniowego na osobistych, przenośnych urządzeniach, i koncentruje się na zdolności teatru do kontynuowania roli znaczącej siły kulturowej, społecznej i intelektualnej w obliczu takiej konkurencji. Przypominając Becketta, moglibyśmy zatem zasugerować, że teatr może być na najlepszej drodze umierania, ponieważ jego przedłużający się upadek wydaje się samoregenerować. Niezależnie od tego, czy „wychodzisz z teatru bardziej ludzko niż wtedy, gdy wchodzisz”, jak sugeruje Ariane Mnouchkin, czy też miałeś poczucie, że byłeś częścią, uczestniczyłeś w rytuale społeczności, Dionizja, czy niezależnie od tego, czy czułeś się dotknięty performatywem, ucieleśnione intelektualne i emocjonalne ludzkie doświadczenie może wpłynąć na to, jak oceniasz stan współczesnego teatru. Być może nie zawsze znasz odpowiedź na te pytania natychmiast po spotkaniu teatralnym, a może nawet celowo lub świadomie, ale mimo wszystko coś mogło się toczyć. Możesz okazać się „bardziej ludzki niż wtedy, gdy wszedłeś”.
EN
The Theater Is always Dying traces the resilience of live theatrical performance in the face of competing performative forms like cinema, television and contemporary streaming services on personal, hand-held devices and focuses on theater’s ability to continue as a significant cultural, community and intellectual force in the face of such competition. To echo Beckett, we might suggest, then, that theater may be at its best at its dying since its extended demise seems self-regenerating. Whether or not you “go out of the theatre more human than when you went in”, as Ariane Mnouchkin suggests, or whether you’ve had a sense that you’ve been part of, participated in a community ritual, a Dionysia, or whether or not you’ve felt that you’ve been affected by a performative, an embodied intellectual and emotional human experience may determine how you judge the state of contemporary theater. You may not always know the answer to those questions immediately after the theatrical encounter, or ever deliberately or consciously, but something, nonetheless, may have been taking its course. You may emerge “more human than when you went in”.
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