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1

GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR THE WORLD

100%

Karaduman C. I.

Obronność – Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania i Dowodzenia Akademii Sztuki Wojennej

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2014

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issue 2(10)

14

EN

The aim of this essay is to point out global challenges and find some solutions to them. Firstly, global challenges have been defined using The Millennium Project as the main source in an attempt to predict the future. Cooperation is stressed as the most important point to deal with these challenges. Our great earth should be appreciated. As we are living in a mortal planet, humanity should take care of it with collaboration between states and non-state actors. International community should agree on chal-lenges and their solutions. On the other hand, time is still needed to estab-lish an aware community because even some experts do not agree on climate change etc. Therefore, developed countries have to promote global challenges awareness as it may result with a domino effect for other states.

2

Somalia: Security for Whom?

100%

Marsai V.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

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2015

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issue 4

35-58

EN

Somalia has gone through significant changes since 2012. On the one hand, the country has remained a failed state that cannot prevent the spread of radicalism in the region, the federal government’s institutions are fragile, and the roadmap in Vision 2016 is questionable and has been delayed. On the other hand, most Somalis enjoy relative peace and stability, the economy and infrastructure are improving, and daily life has normalised significantly in comparison with the period of 2010–2011. The most important task for the Somalis and international actors is to maintain the slow but forward process of recovery and minimise all contrary factors.

3

Persian Gulf Gas and LNG in the EU’s Goals for Security of Gas Supply by 2030

100%

Houshisadat M.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

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2015

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issue 1

7-27

EN

Energy is the major challenge of the 21st century and the world’s energy mix will change in the future, predominantly to renewables, followed by natural gas. The European Union will be the foremost gas importer by 2030 and the rate of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) imports will double by 2020. The UK, France, Spain and Italy are the main entry points for EU LNG imports, with approximately 80% of the regional terminals located in these countries and amounting to 87% of the Union’s LNG needs. Diversification of LNG routes and suppliers in the coming competitive LNG market is an important objective of EU energy policy. It seems that the low-cost, high-risk Persian Gulf gas-rich area could be influential to the Union’s security of energy supply in the future. The current research, furthermore, aims to analyse the role of actual Qatari LNG and potential Iranian LNG on imports by the UK, France, Spain and Italy in the coming years. This multiple case study centres on a comparison of the EU’s actual and potential LNG suppliers against the four indicators of energy security—acceptability, availability, affordability and accessibility. It attempts to determine the position of the Persian Gulf and its main regional LNG suppliers amongst the main global exporters to the EU.

4

SENSE OF SECURITY AMONG THE CITIZENS OF MUNICIPALITIES IN LIGHT OF THE MILITARY UNITS PRESENCE WITHIN THEIR TERRITORIES

80%

Sirko S., Piotrowska-Trybull M.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2018

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issue 1

57-75

EN

In the source literature the concept of safety is variably defined, depending on the sphere and discipline of research science (sociology, economy, political sciences, security). The definitions of security most often stress the lack of threats, certainty and creating conditions for development, and the sense of security is viewed as a set of convictions, belief in possibility to obtain desired results. Sense of security is shaped i.a. under the influence of access to information and psychological factors that decide how a specific situation is perceived. In the analysis concerning the sense of security among the citizens of municipalities, references were made to the characteristics of local communities available in the source literature: shared territory, relations, common social interest, local sentiment and institutions called up to cater to the needs of citizens. Local institutions are responsible for shaping the following conditions: material well being, spiritual development, security and future perspectives, they cooperate in specific scope with state institutions, including the military units. These units act to ensure state security for the society in general and their location within given municipalities also strengthens local economic potential. The military units carry out defence and protective tasks, also engaging in relations with local entities in order to achieve this goal. Perception of the Army among the society, including its influence on the state security, is a subject of analyses conducted by various scientific institutions and research facilities, which includes the academy represented by the authors of the article. The issues presented in the paper are a continuation of the studies dealing with influence of the military units on local development in different aspects. Therefore the goal of the studies was formulated as follows: identifying influence of the military units on the sense of security among the citizens, specifying the concerns associated with presence of the military units within the municipalities and the assessment of the Army actions in a threat situation as well as assessment of the military units potential in the context of benefits resulting from presence within a municipality. In addition to other methods (analysis, synthesis) applied during the studies, the significant role was performed by the diagnostic poll method ñ CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview). The studies aimed at collecting opinions of the citizens were carried out in November 2017 in urban municipalities: Braniewo, Brzeg, Chelmno, Hrubieszow, Slupsk and encompassed 600 participants selected proportionally to the total number of citizens in given municipalities. The respondents formulated opinions on the chosen aspects of security associated with presence of a military unit within their municipality. Moreover, the article refers to the results of the studies carried out by other authors and study results announced by the Public Opinion Research Center. The analysis was carried out with the use of computer programmes Excel and Statistica v. 13.1.

5

Kryzys migracyjny w Europie a bezpieczeństwo – podłoże społeczno-ekonomiczne, zagrożenia, pomoc rozwojowa

80%

Szpak A.

Sprawy Międzynarodowe

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2016

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issue 1

111-132

EN

The article focuses on the roots of current refugee and economic migration to the European Union and recommends long-term solutions, including developmental aid; against this background the European Union’s reaction is examined. The objective is to point to the significance of long-term solutions to the problem of migrants and refugees, reiterating such key issues as launching economic reconstruction and ensuring security in the countries of origin.

6

Protection against drone activity

80%

Michalski D., Michalska A.

Security Forum

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2017

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vol. 1

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issue Volume 1 No. 1/2017

73-83

EN

The research presented in the article focused on the determinants of protection aginst drone activity. At the beginning of the article the authors would like to propose one understandable definition of a drone. It was necessary to analyse air threats linked with the increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles or radio controlled aircraft. Furthermore, the authors divided drones by their technical capabilities. The next part of the article describes possible actions against drones and the possibility of recognizing them. The research was based on available literature.

7

Post-Soviet Central Asia as a Unique Regional Security Complex

80%

Musioł M.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

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2015

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issue 4

59-78

EN

Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) has been developed within the Copenhagen School and has undergone significant evolutions in recent years. This article is part of this trend through the application of RSCT to assumptions about the region of Central Asia and its threats. The article’s main objective is to examine the current characteristics and dynamics of Central Asia as a regional security complex. It draws attention to the important issues of international politics driven by internal and external players. Moreover, the content shows that “the security complex” is both an analytical tool and ontological category, and can be applied in practice.

8

Rosja między lodówką a telewizorem

80%

Prus J.

Sprawy Międzynarodowe

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2015

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issue 1

51-70

EN

The security crisis in Ukraine induced by Russia has helped overcome the domestic legitimacy crisis of President Vladimir Putin and his regime. The annexation of Crimea and the Donbass war on the one hand and, on the other, anti-Western confrontational rhetoric have boosted the ratings of the Russian ruling circles, giving Vladimir Putin carte blanche in domestic and foreign politics. It is in the Kremlin’s vital interest to preserve the high level of public support, but given the economic decline and no modernisation potential, this will require keeping the propaganda machine running and fueling imperial pride along with anti-Western and revanchist moods.

9

Introduction to multivariate modeling of the strategy of securities portfolio choice

80%

Sitek P.

Intercultural Communication

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2016

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issue 1/1

166-176

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the issue of securities as a form of investment, using the strategy of securities portfolio choice. Methods: In order to make a comprehensive analysis of the strategy of choices modeling of equity portfolio in the context of the integration of financial markets and European integration, the following research instruments were introduced: 1) analysis of the system of securities, 2) institutional approach, 3) systemic approach. In this paper legal-dogmatic method was applied primarily which helped to conduct the analysis of legal standards currently in force and security institutions. Results: The full picture of the investment decision is obtained using valuation models based on sequential valuation or sensitivity analysis. These methods, adapted to analyze portfolios of debt instruments, take into account factors relating to both changes in yield curves, as well as due to the passage of time to maturity (Szafarczyk, 2006). However, they are much more complex. The presented article is only an introduction to the topic.

10

Finland in the Mediterranean

80%

Melasuo T.

Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs

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2022

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vol. 26

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issue 4

129-147

EN

This article aimes to shed light on the rich, but rather enigmatic relationship between Finland and the Mediterranean world. These interactions have been approached since Antiquity, but this paper's focus has been on 19th and 20th centuries and especially on the last three decades. About thirty years ago, when Finland was preparing itself to join the European Union, it also had to build up a real Mediterranean policy of its own. It was in the Corfu European Council in June 1994 when the then-president realised that the country needed such a policy. Thus, in 1995, when Finland joined the EU, it also participated in the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference and signed the Barcelona Declaration that established the Barcelona Process forming the structures for European Union cooperation with the southern and eastern Mediterranean countries. The participation into this structural process was felt important for Finland mainly for two reasons. Firstly, the country wanted to be a full and active member of the EU and thus contribute to every field of activity that are important for the union. Secondly, we Finns realised that if we wanted the southern European countries to understand and to cooperate with our own ambitions in the northern part of Europe, we needed to show solidarity towards the aims and needs of our southern partners in the Mediterranean. All this resulted in Finland being surprisingly active in all Euro-Mediterranean cooperation environments. This concerned not only official state activities, but also other public sectors as well as civil society actors and NGOs. These EuroMediterranean activities became so many and so multiform that we can deal only with a few of them here as examples.

11

Non-Governmental Organizations in Ensuring Security

80%

Piątek J. J.

Reality of Politics

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2020

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issue 11

30-44

EN

Various social, political and economic contexts give rise to visibly different concepts of security and these differences make one ponder on the limitations of traditional concepts of democratization and political development. Scientists, politicians and activists are now ever more boldly beginning to ask difficult but necessary questions about the appropriate dynamics of the processes of creating security and about the priorities adopted within them, searching for ways on which these processes could be co-created by traditional, local visions of needs of citizens’ safe life. The review of scholarly literature and political journalism addressing security points out new spheres of debates and subjects of controversy within this discipline. In a situation where in security-related processes governments cannot be the only ones that dominate, a question about the possibility of expanding activities with non-governmental organizations arises.

12

Utilization of graph theory in security analysis of power grid

80%

Válek D.

Securitologia

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2014

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issue 2(20)

87-99

EN

This paper describes way how to use graph theory in security analysis. As an environment is used network of power lines and devices which are included here. Power grid is considered as a system of nodes which make together graph (network). On the simple example is applied Fiedler´s theory which is able to select the most important power lines of whole network. Components related to these lines are logicly ordered and considered by author´s modified analysis. This method has been improved and optimalized for risks related with illegal acts. Each power grid component has been connected with possible kind of attack and every of this device was gradually evaluated by five coefficients which takes values from 1 to 10. On the coefficient basis was assessed the level of risk. In the last phase the most risky power grid components have been selected. On the selected devices have been proposed security measures.

13

Is terrorism perceived in security studies as an effective strategy?

80%

Piwowarski J., Węglarz P.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2014

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vol. 12(12)

205-211

EN

The aim of this paper is to present standpoints prevailing among the researchers of terrorism, which refer to the problem of efficiency of terrorism treated as a coercive strategy. Authors basing on the scientific papers, which in their opinion are of key importance for this discussion, indicate the most important arguments in favor of the efficiency of terrorism and opposite ones. according to which not only terrorism is inefficient, but also antiterrorist strategies built upon misinterpreted attacks – must turn out to be defective. Analyzing few important publications in the discussed matter authors recall the notions included in it in order to provide an overview of the most important conceptions.

14

Energy Security Perceptions in Poland and Turkey

80%

Raszewski S.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

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2015

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issue 1

29-40

EN

A large chunk of the “energy security” debate has dealt with problems of access to resources and, most recently, the degradation of ecosystems as a direct result of the socio-economic activities of humans; less focus has been on the sources of security/insecurity perceptions and misperceptions and ways to explain them. This article seeks to evaluate the origins and practices of energy security perceptions in Poland and Turkey, and within their respective regional contexts—Central and Eastern Europe and the Wider Black Sea Region. With the global energy security paradigm now encapsulating the rise of new powers, epitomised by BRICS, developments at the regional level have been playing profound roles, grouping states around key regional actors. Drawing on case study material, the evaluation serves the purpose of assessing possible axes of convergence and divergence between the two regions represented by the two countries.

15

The Analysis of Potential Threats to Information Systems and Countermeasures

80%

Busłowska E., Nowak I.

Logistics and Transport

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2017

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vol. 36

15-24

EN

The article presents the results of the analysis of threats to safety of information in enterprises. How information is protected against publication, modification or being erased has also been taken into account. The objective of the analysis is to raise awareness of value of information and the role of security in an IT system.

16

Secure Europe & Turkey: Secure World

80%

Eroğlu S. E.

Intercultural Communication

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2019

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issue 6

279-288

EN

Security and secure society are important concepts in today’s world. These two concepts are crucial in daily life of individual to feel secure and to focus on every day events, such as job, education, life styles, survival etc. In this context, security and secure society are in process in daily routines for individuals for a macro environment. In this article this process will be examined in the framework of European Union, Turkey’s membership process and the projections of world’s security in general. Purpose. In this article it will be tried to elaborate the concept of security in general for world and in specific for Europe and Turkey. Methods. The work uses a method of critical analysis of scientific sources and the results of practical experience, structural and functional analysis, systematization, and generalization. Conclusion. Addressing the EU's relations with key countries in Middle-East and the south Caucasus and Turkey will provide sound insights into the major problems facing by this region as well as into the key advances and remaining challenges in the political, economic social and geostrategic relationships between the EU and Turkey. This will allow for identifying significant policy implications for the EU's approach to each of the countries individually and to the region overall.

17

GUARDIAN OF (IN) SECURITY: THE RUSSIAN ACTION IN SYRIA

80%

de Andrade Gama I.

Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem

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2017

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vol. 1(8) Moldova on the geopolitical map of Europe

237-249

EN

Since the beginning of the conflict in Syria, the Russian Federation has had a role of great importance. Even it is considered sometimes controversial, given that the Russian Federation at the beginning of the conflict has blocked some drafts of resolutions to the conflict preventing, especially that Western powers acted in Syria. Later, with the worsening of the conflict added to the migratory crisis and the establishment of the Islamic state in Syria, the Russian government decides to act incisively in Syria to slow down migration and grounded in the narrative of the "war on terror ". Thus, it can be questioned whether this attempt to bring the narrative of "war on terror" seemed an experiment to test a coalition with the US, with a view to approach history of these two actors previously under the umbrella of terrorism, or even a movement of Russian foreign policy to show that the post-Cold War moment no longer exists, and that this is not a time to see Russia as a defeated country anymore, but a US nemesis.

18

LOCAL PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN POLAND

80%

Wałek T.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2015

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vol. 19(19)

247-258

EN

One of the main tasks of public administration is to ensure order and security of citizens. Sense of security is basic condition of economic and social development and family’s happiness. Threats affecting many areas of social life to meet social expectations, various administrations and service inspections and guards, and other entities responsible for the development of public safety and order take on a daily number of steps to reduce the existing threats. The publication is designed to characterize the local prevention programs - in force in the province of Malopolska.

19

Równowaga demograficzno-ekonomiczna jako podstawowy czynnik determinujący bezpieczeństwo podsystemu europejskiego w systemie globalnym

80%

Świeca J.

Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

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2016

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vol. 6

68-80

EN

The author analyzing in his article following problems: Conditioning of security for the Western system; Western countries in the global environment in the demographic-economic dimension; Urban centers in the Global South and they influence on western strength; Poland in Europe and in the Western System; Strength or Demise of European multiculturalism. As the European people are in the process of aging, the Old Continent need immigrants, but it must repair the damage that disengagement has brought about. Europe needs a renewal of the civic society based on the proper politics of assimilation and multiculturalism stemming from the tendency to institutionalize. However, the situation now is very difficult as the result of aggressive act of the Islamic State and the wave of immigrants, not only refugees. The main task of this paper is to explain the currently situation without providing any recommendations.

20

NEED TO TAKE ACTION FOR THE BENEFIT OF CULTURAL SECURITY IN VIEW OF ITS CONTEMPORARY THREATS

80%

Hrynicki W. M.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2015

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vol. 20(20)

219-237

EN

1. Objective The objective of the article is to present the need to take action for the benefit of cultural security in view of its contemporary threats. The values cherished within the framework of cultural heritage are handed down from generation to generation and in this respect it is necessary to act ceaselessly for the benefit of cultural security, which is aimed not only at the protection of existing cultural achievements, but also at facilitating its constant development. 2. Introduction Cultural security has a significant influence on the security as a value and it is linked to continuous human development, which manifests itself, for instance, in development of culture. It has its roots in cultural threats, which have been present for thousands of years and which result from armed invasions, colonial conquests, meetings of cultures and mass migrations of population. Cultural security can be examined from two perspectives: the first one (national) is closely related to military, economic, ecological and political security, and the other one (social) appears as a group of elements expressing threat for the nation or its part, ethnic group, language, cultural achievements in material terms, and in terms of tradition and customs. 3. Methodology The author defines cultural security and identifies its threats, including, in particular, multiculturalism and related globalisation, migrations (especially from the east to the west) and refugeeism, economic diversification of societies, climate changes as well as pillage, theft and illegal trading in cultural goods. When describing each of the identified threats, the author not only presents the protective action taken (both preventive and consequent), but also tries to search for new methods of protection, emphasising the need for broad cooperation between national authorities, local government and non-governmental organisations. 4. Conclusions The author proves that cultural heritage and cultural security are both exposed to many threats, including, in particular, globalisation and demographic relations. To recapitulate, the author emphasises that action must be taken both by countries and government organisations to protect cultural heritage and cultural security, and that it is essential to actively support in this respect international activity (particularly the activity under the auspices of the United Nations) and non-governmental organisations.

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GLOBAL CHALLENGES FOR THE WORLD

Somalia: Security for Whom?

Persian Gulf Gas and LNG in the EU’s Goals for Security of Gas Supply by 2030