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1

Contested minorities – the case of Upper Silesia

100%
Gierczak D.
Environmental & Socio-economic Studies
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2015
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vol. 3
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issue 2
41-51
EN
Upper Silesia in terms of ethnicity is a typical example of a historical region in Europe, but in fact, one of the few exceptions in contemporary Poland, where its mixed ethnic and religious structures have at least partly survived until today. While their existence had been denied by Nazi Germany (1933-1945) as well as by the Polish People's Republic (1945-1989), the emancipation of the German and Silesian minorities after the democratic changes of 1989 have evoked strong emotions in the ethnically almost uniform country. Nonetheless, the recent situation of minorities has improved as never before. Minority organisations has been officially recognized and German finally has become the second language in some municipalities of Upper Silesia, but the largest ethnic group in the whole country, the Silesians, have still experienced no formal recognition as a national minority. This article deals with the demographic aspects of the ethnic groups in Upper Silesia since the 19th century until recent times. The census results concerning the ethnic minorities or languages in Upper Silesia have been contested since the first records of that kind have been taken. The outcomes of the both last censuses of 2002 and 2011 concerning the minority question reflected for the first time a much more realistic picture of the status quo. Furthermore, they showed that the idea of Silesian identification found an unexpected high number of supporters. This fact indicates an emerging meaning of regional identification amid significant changes of cultural values in Polish society.
2
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„Ukryta opcja niemiecka” – mniejszość niemiecka i śląska grupa etniczna w przestrzeni publicznej. Studium przypadku

88%
Muś A., Mazalik K.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
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2019
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vol. 26
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issue 1
EN
The aim of the article is a study into legal instruments for minority protection from discrimination in public space based on ethnic or national origin. As an example a case study of a phrase „concealed German option” and its consequences for German minority and Silesian ethnic group is used. The research question is as follows: how legal instruments for protection from discriminatory language in public space are shaped in relation to non-dominant groups with diverse legal status? The hypothesis assumes, that legal status of the group have a significant meaning for protection from discrimination of the group as a whole, but also for individuals who belong to the group from actions degrading human dignity. The structure of the article encompasses an introduction to the situation of German minority in Poland and Silesian ethnic group, legal documents analysis and analysis of the social and political circumstances of functioning of both groups in public space. The conclusion states, that both German minority and Silesian ethnic group are discriminated in public space, what is especially related to limitations of the right to cultivate and manifest one's own identity. Despite this situation, existing legal instruments are not enough to change it, furthermore – their today's application only deepens the problem.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie narzędzi ochrony grup mniejszościowych przed dyskryminacją w przestrzeni publicznej ze względu na pochodzenie etniczne lub narodowe. Jako przykład posłuży studium przypadku określenia „ukryta opcja niemiecka” i jego konsekwencje dla mniejszości niemieckiej i śląskiej grupy etnicznej. Pytanie badawcze zostało ujęte w następujący sposób: jak kształtują się instrumenty ochrony prawnej przed dyskryminującym językiem w przestrzeni publicznej w odniesieniu do grup niedominujących o różnym statusie prawnym? Struktura artykułu obejmuje wprowadzenie do problematyki mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce oraz śląskiej grupy etnicznej, analizę aktów prawnych oraz kontekstu społeczno-politycznego funkcjonowania obu wymienionych grup w przestrzeni publicznej. Konkluzjaartykułu wskazuje, że zarówno mniejszość niemiecka, jak i śląska grupa etniczna w przestrzeni publicznej podlegają różnorakim przejawom dyskryminacji, związanej przede wszystkim z ograniczaniem prawa do kultywowania i manifestowania swej tożsamości. Mimo to istniejące instrumenty prawne nie wystarczają, by zmienić ten stan rzeczy, co więcej – aktualne ich stosowanie jedynie go pogłębia.
3
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Między etnicznością a narodowością. Socjologiczne studium przypadku grupy Górnoślązaków

75%
Śliz A., Szczepański M. S.
Przegląd Zachodni
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2013
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issue 3(348)
117-128
EN
The difficult and complicated history of Upper Silesia, especially changes in state affiliation, created in the native population the need of a stable identity that would resist political transformations. This led to the formation of the Silesian community, which the latest national census (2011) estimated at 817 thousand. The number is a substantial argument in the strife of Silesians for the recognition of their Silesian nationality, all the more so, since according to the law on national and ethnic minorities and regional language Upper Silesians are neither an ethnic nor a national minority. Hitherto endeavors to register the Silesian nationality proved unsuccessful. But Silesians persist in their efforts. They preserve their cultural system and strive for the recognition of the Silesian idiom as a regional language. Culture and language are important elements defining nationality and Upper Silesians are aware of the fact. In their activity they are supported among others by the Movement for Silesian Autonomy (Ruch Autonomii Śląska), which in its aspiration to the autonomy of Upper Silesia does not forget about the Silesian tradition and above all about the language.
4
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Ślązacy na wydziale teologii Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w XV wieku

75%
Markowski M.
Folia Historica Cracoviensia
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1996
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vol. 3
EN
The establishment of universities in Prague, Vienna and Krakow enabled the Silesians to participate to a greater extent in the university culture of late Middle Ages. Although a number of higher education institutions had sprung up in Central Europe in the 15th century, the relationship with the Krakow University proved the most permanent and fruitful.
PL
Założenie uniwersytetów w Pradze, Wiedniu i Krakowie umożliwiło też Ślązakom wzięcie w większym stopniu udziału w uniwersyteckiej kulturze późnego średniowiecza. Mimo iż w XV wieku w środkowej Europie powstało szereg wyższych uczelni, to najtrwalsze i najaktywniejsze okazały się te związki z Uniwersytetem Krakowskim.
5
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Identity and distribution of the Silesian minority in Poland

75%
Orlewski P.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
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2019
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vol. 23
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issue 2
76-84
EN
According to the National Census of Population and Housing 2011, Silesians are the second largest nationality in Poland. Nevertheless, Silesian nationality is not recognised under Polish law. In this paper, the main aspects of the identity of the Silesian people are discussed. Research was carried out using questionnaire-based interviews in ten municipalities in the Silesian Voivodeship, characterised by the greatest share of Silesians. The ethnic identity of Silesians is complex - more than half of the respondents declared dual nationality. Most of the respondents demand the recognition of the Silesian ethnolect as a regional language, and consequently, its inclusion as a school subject in Upper Silesia. The postulate of establishing autonomy is popular, with a model of the Silesian Voivodeship from the period of interwar Poland.
6
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Etniczność i narodowość rdzennych mieszkańców Górnego Śląska po 1989 roku

65%
Popieliński P.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2015
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issue 8
EN
In the article, the author describes an evaluation regarding the identity of the indigenous population of Upper Silesia against the specific of this region background. First of all, he focuses on the evaluation concerning the identity of this group after 1989 – on the multidimensional Silesianess. He shows the phenomenon of joining the German minority with many Silesians, which creates the regional movements especially Silesian organizations that promote Silesianess and strive for acknowledgment of the Silesian nationality and Silesian dialect for the language. In retrospect, an increasing popularity of such organizations may be noticed among the Silesians due to their nationality declarations. According to census 2002 and 2011, the Silesians represent the largest minority group that so far has unregulated legal status. For years, Silesian organizations endeavor to change this situation. They try to dispose the Polish authorities to amend the act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages to find in the act the Silesians and their dialect receive the language status.
PL
In the article, the author describes an evaluation regarding the identity of the indigenous population of Upper Silesia against the specific of this region background. First of all, he focuses on the evaluation concerning the identity of this group after 1989 – on the multidimensional Silesianess. He shows the phenomenon of joining the German minority with many Silesians, which creates the regional movements especially Silesian organizations that promote Silesianess and strive for acknowledgment of the Silesian nationality and Silesian dialect for the language. In retrospect, an increasing popularity of such organizations may be noticed among the Silesians due to their nationality declarations. According to census 2002 and 2011, the Silesians represent the largest minority group that so far has unregulated legal status. For years, Silesian organizations endeavor to change this situation. They try to dispose the Polish authorities to amend the act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages to find in the act the Silesians and their dialect receive the language status.
7

„Aby wszędzie być i wszystko widzieć”. Doświadczanie miejsc i siebie w trakcie górskich podróży. Relacje Ślązaków

63%
Kossakowska-Jarosz K.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2015
|
vol. 9
191 - 204
EN
“To be everywhere” and “see everything” is a declaration by Father Euzebiusz Franciszek Stateczny, a well-known Silesian writer from the turn of the 20th century, and an extraordinary monk and tenacious traveller, who in a true positivist fashion valued the truth about the world based on one’s own experience. By outlining a comprehensive need to get to know the world, Stateczny acted as a cosmographer, which prompted the author of the article to try to establish whether this declaration also applied to other travellers from the region and how this completeness was supposed to be expressed. The author’s overview of Silesian accounts of trips to the mountains (by Karol Miarka, Rev Antoni Stabik, Fr Henryk Aulich, Rev Michał Przywara and Józef Gallus) confirms that those Silesian travellers barely felt the spirituality of these spaces, because they did not become harmonised with them in their experiences. As clergymen, they headed mostly to pilgrimage centres, with the mountains providing only an obstacle to be overcome on their way there. That is why deep in their hearts they were not ready to experience the beauty of the mountains, nor did they open themselves up to contemplation of mountain landscapes on account of external circumstances (the physical effort of travel was in conflict with the old and exhausted bodies). They were “everywhere”, intending to see “everything” that attracted them, or wherever their pastoral duties took them, but their travelling, though dominated by learning, was dissociated from nature’s clichés. That is why the Silesians’ mountain trips were characterised by “spiritual blindness” to the value of mountain sights. The travellers were not shocked by the rocky landscapes, because they did not experience the pleasure of walking in the mountains, which is why they lacked an aestheticising stimulus. More importantly, by remaining close to the everyday problems of the region and supporting their compatriots in their everyday struggles, the priests were not poets in their lives. That is why their accounts were dominated by somatic descriptions, physiological responses and psychological reactions, reduced mainly to illustrating fear and physical clumsiness. However, this “spiritual blindness” to the beauty of nature was not an inherent characteristic of Silesian travel writers, for they reacted completely differently to sea landscapes seen from the board of ships carrying them to distant corners of the world. When they did not feel the hardship of travel, they were able to find the force and charm of nature in the rich contents of these spaces.
8
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Problematyka mniejszości niemieckiej w kontekście zmian stanu liczebności z perspektywy 25 lat oficjalnego istnienia tej mniejszości narodowej w Polsce

63%
Popieliński P.
Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities
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2015
|
issue 4
33-50
EN
The author presents estimations the polish and german scientists and various official estimates of the strength of the German minority, especially the results of the Polish National Census 2002 and 2011. He answers on the leading question: Why decreasing the strength of the German minority in our country? The author has listed and described the most important factors that have influence on the strength of the minority. In the context of this topic he writes about declaring the Silesian nationality by the indigenous population of the Upper Silesia (too the members of the German minority) in the census 2002 and 2011. He writes too about the Silesians organizations that pro-mote Silesianess and strive for acknowledgment of the Silesian nationality and their perception by the Silesians and the German minority organizations and their influence on the strength of the German minority. The author wonders how many will be had the strength of the minority in Poland in the future.
9
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Górny Śląsk jako problem politologiczny. Próba syntezy

63%
Muś A.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
|
2022
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vol. 73
192-224
PL
Rosnąca liczba prac naukowych na temat Ślązaków i Górnego Śląska wymaga od badaczy zagadnienia pierwszych form systematyzacji. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie, że na Górnym Śląsku mamy do czynienia z wyjątkowymi, odrębnymi zjawiskami politycznymi. Badanie przeprowadzono poprzez ustrukturyzowany przegląd literatury naukowej, która obejmuje problematykę badań o naturze politologicznej, związanych ze Ślązakami i Górnym Śląskiem, traktowanymi jako specyficzny przedmiot analizy. Badanie objęło 25 artykułów naukowych indeksowanych w bazie Web of Science Core Collection. Analiza wykazała, że wiele zjawisk politycznych zachodzących na Górnym Śląsku ma charakter wyjątkowy, niespotykany w innych regionach Polski. Wskazano także na szereg problemów badawczych, które wymagają jeszcze zbadania, oraz na obecny w literaturze przedmiotu problem braku triangulacji danych.
EN
The growing body of scholarly literature on Silesians and Upper Silesia requires researchers to make first attempts to systematize the issue. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that in Upper Silesia we can observe unique, distinct political phenomena. The study was carried out as a structured review of scholarly literature which covers research in the field of political science, related to Silesians and Upper Silesia, treated as a specific object of analysis. The study included 25 scientific articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database. The analysis has shown that many political phenomena occurring in Upper Silesia are of a unique character, not encountered in other regions of Poland. It also indicated a number of research problems that still need to be investigated and the problem of lack of data triangulation present in the literature.
10
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Wkład współczesnej mniejszości niemieckiej w pielęgnowanie i rozwój górnośląskiego dziedzictwa kulturowego – wybrane zagadnienia

45%
Popieliński P.
Język. Religia. Tożsamość
|
2019
|
issue 1(19)2019
137-152
PL
W artykule autor przedstawia wkład współczesnej mniejszości niemieckiej w pielęgnowanie i rozwój górnośląskiego dziedzictwa kulturowego na wybranych przykładach. Wpierw przedstawia on czytelnikowi specyfikę Górnego Śląska oraz ich rodzimych mieszkańców, a następnie wyjaśnia, w jaki sposób mniejszość niemiecka przyczynia się do pielęgnowania i rozwoju górnośląskiego dziedzictwa kulturowego. Autor skupia się przede wszystkim na kwestiach niematerialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego mniejszości niemieckiej z Górnego Śląska. Szczególnie na kwestiach szeroko pojętej działalności (społeczno‑kulturalnej i politycznej), tożsamości czy języka (komunikacja interpersonalna, edukacja). Wymienione zagadnienia należą do jednych z najważniejszych elementów omawianego dziedzictwa kulturowego.
EN
In the article, the author presents contribution of the German minority in care and development of the Upper Silesian cultural heritage on the selected examples. First he shows reader the specific of Upper Silesia and its indigenous peoples, and then he explains, how the German minority contributes to care and development of the Upper Silesian cultural heritage. First of all the author concentrates on the intangible cultural heritage issues of the German minority from Upper Silesia. Particularly on the issues in the broadly understood activity (social, cultural and political), identity or language (verbal communication, education). These issues are one of the most important elements of this Upper Silesia cultural heritage.
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