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1

Pale Horse, Pale Rider: A Modern Allegory of an Encounter with Death

100%

Kahol N.

Review of International American Studies

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2023

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vol. 16

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issue 2

105-118

EN

The novella Pale Horse, Pale Rider, authored by Katherine Anne Porter and published in 1939, is set against the backdrop of the 1918–1919 Spanish flu pandemic towards the end of World War I. It narrates the dual story of individual and societal trauma and survival amidst the pandemic, contributing to the cultural memory of that era in American history. The narrative draws heavily on autobiographical elements, with the protagonist Miranda’s experiences closely reflecting Porter’s own. As Miranda battles a life-threatening flu, her delirious mind traverses past, present, and future, blurring the boundaries between them. This paper examines Porter’s employment of modernist techniques such as dreams, visions, archetypes, biblical allusions, and stream of consciousness to articulate Miranda’s harrowing yet transformative passage through a liminal space between life and death. Porter’s novelistic approach is distinctly modern in its exploration of mortality and the portrayal of Miranda’s near-death experience, aligning her with modernist contemporaries like T. S. Eliot and James Joyce, who also eschewed traditional literary forms to depict the profound dislocations of their time. The enduring appeal of Pale Horse, Pale Rider lies in its rich symbolism and psychological depth in addressing themes of death and illness.

2

Koszty leczenia pacjentów w okresie epidemii na początku XX wieku na przykładzie Szpitala dla chorych zakaźnych w Częstochowie

84%

Chluska J.

Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości

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2022

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issue 46(3)

243-256

PL

Cel: Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka uwarunkowań ponoszenia kosztów leczenia pacjen-tów w okresie różnych epidemii na początku XX wieku w Częstochowie. Metodyka/podejście badawcze: Jako narzędzia badawcze wykorzystano analizę literatury przedmiotu, aktów prawnych, dokumentacji archiwalnej Szpitala dla chorych zakaźnych oraz innych materiałów archiwalnych dotyczących kosztów leczenia pacjentów w czasie epidemii w Częstochowie w okresie 1918–1922. Wyniki: Przeprowadzone analizy pokazały, że zarówno obecnie, jak i 100 lat temu narzę-dzia walki z epidemią są podobne. Do najważniejszych z nich można zaliczyć szczepienia ochronne, prawidłową, dostosowaną do warunków kryzysowych, strukturę systemu opieki zdrowotnej, profilaktykę i ochronę zarówno personelu medycznego zajmującego się lecze-niem chorych, jak i innych osób mających kontakt z chorymi. Zweryfikowano pozytywnie hipotezę badawczą, że „pokrywanie kosztów leczenia pacjentów w okresie epidemii na po-czątku XX wieku było determinowane zasadami rozliczeń z tytułu leczenia pacjentów oraz warunkami funkcjonowania szpitala”. Praktyczne implikacje: Wyniki analiz są ważne z punktu widzenia rozwoju i doskonale-nia systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Mają walor poznawczy i mogą być przedmiotem analiz decydentów na różnych poziomach zarządzania podmiotami leczniczymi w Polsce. Oryginalność: Artykuł wpisuje się w nurt badań historycznych nad kosztami systemu opieki zdrowotnej w Polsce.

EN

Purpose: The study characterizes the determinants of the costs of treating patients during various epidemics at the beginning of the 20th century in Częstochowa. Methodology/approach: Research tools included a literature review on the subject, legal acts, archival documentation of the Hospital for Infectious Patients, and other archival materials concerning the costs of treating patients during the epidemic in Częstochowa between 1918 and 1922. Findings: The analysis shows that both now and 100 years ago, the tools for fighting the epidemic are similar. The most important include preventive vaccinations, a health care system properly adapted to crises, prevention, and the protection of medical personnel who treat sick people and other people who have contact with the sick. The research hypothesis was positively verified that “covering the costs of treating patients during the epidemic at the beginning of the 20th century was determined by the principles of settling accounts for the treatment of patients and running the hospital”. Practical implications: The results are essential for developing and improving health systems. They have a cognitive value and can be analyzed by decision-makers at various management levels of Poland’s medical entities. Originality: The article is part of the trend of historical research on the costs of Poland’s healthcare system.

3

The Lemkos’ Great War: Wartime Experiences of the Lemko People, 1914–18

84%

Szlanta P.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2016

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vol. 113

EN

The First World War imposed a severe stigma on the Lemko people, the Ruthenian mountaineers residing on the northern mountainside of the Carpathians. Military operations, political repressions, malnutrition, and epidemics of contagious diseases caused severe damages and losses in the population and materials. In the late 1914 and early 1915, the front-line was set through the Lemko Land. The area’s eastern part was occupied for several months by the Russians. The occupational authorities planned to annex the area after the war, as they recognised the Lemkos as part of the Russian nation. On the other hand, the Lemko people were generally treated by the Austro-Hungarian authorities with suspicion, as allegedly favouring Russia. They were accused of sabotage and collaboration with the occupiers. Many a Lemko was executed, often without any proof of guilt whatsoever. Some 2,000 were sent to an internment camp in Thalerhof, not far from Graz. The war facilitated the split among the Lemkos into those who considered themselves members of a Ukrainian nation and those who recognised themselves as a separate ethnic group.

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1 Acta Poloniae Historica

1 Review of International American Studies

1 Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości

1 Chluska J.

1 Kahol N.

1 Szlanta P.

1 2023

1 2022

1 2016

Pale Horse, Pale Rider: A Modern Allegory of an Encounter with Death

Koszty leczenia pacjentów w okresie epidemii na początku XX wieku na przykładzie Szpitala dla chorych zakaźnych w Częstochowie

The Lemkos’ Great War: Wartime Experiences of the Lemko People, 1914–18