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Literary Performatives in The History of the Siege of Lisbon by José Saramago. A Study of Performatives in Contemporary Portuguese Fiction

100%
Drewniak M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
|
2021
|
issue 11
57-67
EN
This article discusses literary performatives and their functions in The History of the Siege of Lisbon by José Saramago through the prism of the definition of literary performatives presented by Irene Kacandes in her article “Are You in the Text? The ‘Literary Performative’ in Postmodernist Fiction”. In order to understand Saramago’s novel in the light of this concept, this work examines the novel in terms of features emblematic of second-person narratives. The point of departure is J. L. Austin’s Speech Act Theory from How to Do Things with Words. The article refers to the theoretical and methodological background regarding Speech Act Theory as proposed by Austin and developed by Searle, as well as further considerations on the application of the theory in literary studies. It demonstrates that literary performatives present in the novel being discussed are built by third-person singular imperatives, first-person plurals (imperative and indicative mode) and impersonal forms. Moreover, it argues that they serve the following functions—constituting the second-person narrative character of the novel, providing the narrative with oral and metafictional character, and pointing the reader to the moment of action they are involved in at the moment of reading.
2

Intercultural aspects of the speech act of promising from a relevance theoretic point of view

63%
Blass R.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2012
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vol. 8
|
issue 1
131-154
EN
This study on the Speech Act of Promising builds on an article by Egner (2005) which claims that in many African Societies a promise is most often made not to be committed to its content but to be polite and save one's own or the addressee's face. While Egner opts for a Speech Act Theory approach to explain the phenomenon and comes to the conclusion that the speech act of promising may occur minus commitment, thus refuting the standard SAT claim, I have opted to treat the issue within Relevance Theory and claim that a true speech act of promising cannot be without commitment since it is a performative and institutional speech act which has to be committed by its very nature. I have rather explained that the concept PROMISE can be used as an ad hoc concept PROMISE* which conveys a speech act of "saying that" and which is a broadened version of the encoded concept to make commitment optional and include issues of politeness and face saving. While Egner claims that a committed speech act can be determined by linguistic indication most of the time I claim that the intended interpretation falls out naturally from the relevance theoretic comprehension procedure which is: "Follow the path of least effort in determining cognitive effects and stop when your expectation of relevance is fulfilled". Unlike Egner I claim that at the root of using non-committed promises as a face saving device are shame oriented cultures that need these kinds of mechanisms for politeness more than guilt oriented cultures.
3

Cognitive Pragmatics Ways into Discourse Analysis: the Case of Discursive Presuppostions

51%
de Saussure L.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2012
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vol. 8
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issue 1
37-59
EN
This paper aims at showing how pragmatics, today a discipline developing in close connection with cognitive science and evolutionary psychology, provides new ways to envisage Discourse Analysis. In this article, we first discuss the relationship between pragmatics and Discourse Analysis, focusing on the links between the process of utterance understanding, which is in the scope of pragmatic theories, and consenting to beliefs (influence), which is in the scope of Discourse Analysis (section 2). Next (section 3), we introduce an extended notion of presuppositions which we name discursive presuppositions, which are unexpressed contents but nonetheless propositions that need to be incorporated in the background and thus consented to in order to provide not meaning proper but relevance to the utterance. Last section (section 4) is dedicated to the examination of two examples where discursive presuppositions are exploited in persuasiveness.
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