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Studia Pigoniana
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2021
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vol. 4
|
issue 4
53-70
EN
The article shows the convergence of some motifs in Stanisław Lem’s work on the body with some approaches to body in Gnosticism. The following works were discussed: The Cyberiad, Fables for Robots, The Star Diaries, Inspection at the Scene of the Crime and The Mask. In the analyzed works, the theme of the human body appears in the eyes of Aliens and robots. It is perceived as disgusting – just like human habits. This theme coincides with the Gnostic hostility towards the body. The counterparts of the malicious Demiurge in Gnostic myths are in Lem’s works Bann and Pugg, and other inept creators. Lem portrays the human body as imperfect and the product of chance, even a mistake or a freak of nature, which corresponds to the Gnostic thesis that man lives in the world as a result of a mistake or a catastrophe in the Pleroma. In Lem’s works there is also a negative assessment of sexuality, as in gnosticism. Finally, an important element of Gnosticism is a sense of alienation in the world – this theme is present in The Mask. Finally, an attempt is made to explain the convergence between the Lem’s and the Gnostic views of the body.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje zbieżność niektórych wątków w twórczości Stanisława Lema dotyczących ciała z niektórymi ujęciami gnostycyzmu. Omówione zostały następujące utwory: Cyberiadzie, Bajkach robotów, Dziennikach gwiazdowych, Wizji lokalnej i w Masce. W analizowanych utworach pojawia się motyw ciała ludzkiego w oczach Obcych (scil. robotów i kosmitów). Postrzegane jest ono jako odrażające – podobnie jak ludzkie zwyczaje. Wątek ten jest zbieżny z gnostycką wrogością wobec ciała. Odpowiednikami złośliwego Demiurga z mitów gnostyckich są u Lema Bann i Pugg oraz inni nieudolni kreatorzy. Lem ukazuje ciało ludzkie jako niedoskonałe i będące produktem przypadku, a nawet błędu czy wybryku natury, co odpowiada gnostyckiej tezie, że człowiek żyje na świecie w wyniku pomyłki lub katastrofy w Pleromie. W utworach Lema pojawia się też negatywna ocena seksualności, tak jak w gnostycyzmie. Wreszcie, istotnym elementem gnostycyzmu jest poczucie obcości w świecie – wątek ten obecny jest w Masce. Na końcu podjęta zostaje próba wyjaśnienia zbieżności między lemowskim i gnostyckim ujęciem ciała.
EN
The most popular science fiction novel written by the Polish author Stanisław Lem, Solaris, was published in 1961. Although it was translated into English as early as 1970, the book was unknown to the Sinophone readers until 2003, when the first translation from English into Chinese was published, most probably following the popularity of the resounding Hollywood film adaptation from 2002. Still, Suolalisi Xing (which can be translated as ‘Solaris Star’) did not attract broader audiences in China or Taiwan, at least not until the third version of the novel, translated directly from Polish into Chinese, saw the light of day in 2010. The appearance of this translation coincided with the beginning of a New Golden Era of Chinese and Taiwanese science fiction, which undoubtedly had a significant influence on the positive re-reception of Solaris. In the paper, the author focuses on the philosophical aspect of Lem’s work and investigates which themes and concepts present in Solaris caught the imagination of Chinese-speaking readers. The author wants to show how this reception, while coming from a different historical, cultural, and linguistic background, can enrich our understanding of the novel and introduce a new way of looking at the important existential questions stated by the writer.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą interpretacji powieści "Głos Pana" Stanisława Lema w perspektywie retorycznej. Opublikowana w burzliwym – nie tylko w Polsce – roku 1968 powieść uchodzi w powszechnej opinii krytyków za rzadki przykład „literackiego portretu odkrycia naukowego” Jest to zarazem „jedna z najbardziej osobistych książek Lema”, jak trafnie zauważył Jerzy Jarzębski. Mówiąc ściślej: "Głos Pana" jest literackim portretem rozmaitych uwarunkowań, w jakich powstaje teoria naukowa. Treścią książki są perypetie grupy naukowców, polityków, a także przedstawicieli armii zaangażowanych w prace nad odczytaniem neutrinowej informacji, „listu z gwiazd”, nazywanego Głosem Pana. Powieść Lema jest równocześnie zapisem klęski poznawczej i niewystarczalności retorycznych narzędzi badawczych wobec tajemnicy istnienia.
EN
The paper attempts to interpret “Głos Pana” (“His Master’s Voice”) by Stanisław Lem in a rhetorical perspective. Published in a tough—not only in Poland—year 1968, the novel is generally regarded by critics as a rare example of “literary portrait of a scientific discovery.” Also, as Jerzy Jarzębski accurately points out, it is “one of the most personal books by Lem.” To be more specific, “His Master’s Voice” is a literary portrait of various conditions in which a scientific theory is developed. The novel follows the twist and turns of a group of scientists, politicians, and military men who are concerned in the works of deciphering a neutrino signal, a letter from the stars’, called His Master’s Voice. Lem’s story is at the same time a record of a cognitive failure and insufficiency of rhetoric tools towards the mystery of existence.
EN
The article evaluates the reception of the futurological work by Stanisław Lem – Summa technologiae. It points to the discrepancy between Lem’s expectations and the reception of his work by western philosophy of science and technology. Further, the text recognizes the fact that Lem’s work belongs to the legacy of Solaris.
EN
Soundscapes in the Literary Works of Stanisław Lem and Science Fiction Film Soundtracks The purpose of this paper is to analyze the complex and heterogeneous soundscapes of Stanisław Lem’s literary works, filled with many sounds and many voices: “the absolute silence of the cosmos”, “the overwhelming hum of the future”, “the unsettling knocking on a space station”, “the furtive whisper of a robot”. These are the sounds of Lem’s worlds, in which he conjures up his futurological speculations, shaping them into sci-fi stories about humans, who - among other things - listen. Lem’s space fantasies have inspired film directors and playwrights (particularly radio dramas), posing a challenge for composers and sound producers facing the problem of translating the shape of things to come, emerging from the futurological stories written by the author who gave us Solaris, into the language of sound and music. A peculiar sonic distinctiveness of electronic sonority rises from this genre-oriented and continuous creative practice in film and radio science-fiction with all its earmarks: spaceships, robots, advanced technologies, laboratories, and extraterrestrial worlds – all sounding “electronic,” and thus exotic and distinct to those enjoying this type of fiction in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.
6
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Filozofia nauki Stanisława Lema

94%
EN
In the article ‘Stanislaw Lem’s philosophy of science’, the author concentrates on evolutionary fastening of Lem’s vision of the world in the first part of the text. In the second one, the author takes notice to the fact that Lem’s philosophy of science has certain related parts with Karl Popper’s philosophy of science. Both thinkers dealt with a common range of subjects and lots of their deliberations had a very similar expression. Undoubtedly, Lem was inspired by Popper but he was not an imitator of his statements. Lem, as an original visionary, in his thoughts used to leave the area of Popper-shaped philosophy and reached wider areas conceiving visions of the future science, that were characteristic to him. Lem’s vision of underdefined reality happening before our very eyes with the next dice rolls, makes us think of Popper’s criticism of faith in the absolute truth of scientific theories: we cannot know anything with a hundred per cent certainty. With reference to Lem’s thoughts, the author answers two questions in this text: Why falsification appears to work? Is it because the world is probabilistic? We are unable to gather complete information because of the system complexity we are in. If we were able to do it, would Popper’s falsification be invalidated?
EN
Militarisation of outer space is a rapidly developing area of research that is one of the most urgent challenges faced nowadays by the security scholars. The article concerns scientific research made by Radosław Bielawski and presented in his book “Potęgometryczny wymiar militaryzacji przestrzeni kosmicznej” [Powermetric Dimension of Outer Space Militarisation]. The text presents the layout of the monograph and a detailed description of the research process. It also contains conclusions and prospects for future research. There are also references to the texts authored by Stanisław Lem. The paper fits into the area of research on security studies.
EN
The paper discusses the literary works of Polish science fiction writer — Stanisław Lem, particulary two of his late novels: His Master’s Voice (1968) and Golem XIV (1981). The essay focuses on the relics of a novel in these non-narrative works, including the lectures of an artificial intelligence (Golem XIV) and scientific essays on the first contact between humans and alien life form (His Master’s Voice). A subject of the paper is the psychoanalysis of the creative process and the reading of the relics of a novel such as a description (as a pattern of development) or a found-manuscript device in terms of Lacanian theory of the symptom and the theory of jouissance of the speaking subject (parlêtre).
EN
The article focuses on the discussion between Zofia Woźnicka, Ludwik Grzeniewski and Stanislaw Lem concerning his "The Astronauts" (1951), which was published in the Nowa Kultura [the New Culture] periodical. The author of the novel was both the commentator of his own work, as well as the polemist towards the critics. This discussion in one of the earliest attempts after the war (and definitely the most elaborate one) to explain the expectations of the science fiction – both aesthetic and non-artistic ones. These verbalized expectations of the “story of Tomorrow” allow the reconstruction of the contemporary genological awareness – which was quite faint – and the ways of “taming” the new literary phenomenon in the post-war culture. Critical approaches discussed in the article concerning Lem’s novel can be treated as the proof that the awareness of genological theory begun to develop. This relates both to the literary criticism and the author himself.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest dwugłosowi o powieści Stanisława Lema „Astronauci" (1951), który został zamieszczony na łamach periodyku „Nowa Kultura”. Uczestnikami dyskusji byli: Zofia Woźnicka, Ludwik Grzeniewski i Stanisław Lem, będący zarazem polemistą krytyków, jak i komentatorem własnej powieści. Dyskusja ta jest jedną z najwcześniejszych po wojnie (a z pewnością najbardziej rozbudowaną) prób eksplikacji postulowanych wobec fantastyki naukowej zobowiązań – zarówno estetycznych, jak i pozaartystycznych. Werbalizacja oczekiwań w stosunku do opowieści o „świecie Jutra” pozwala na rekonstrukcję ówczesnej – dość nikłej – świadomości genologicznej i sposobów „oswojenia” nowego w kulturze powojennej zjawiska literackiego. Omówione w szkicu głosy krytyczne dotyczące powieści Lema można traktować jako świadectwa kształtowania się teoretycznej świadomości genologicznej: zarówno krytyki literackiej, jak i samego pisarza.
10
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Perwersje archiwum

84%
EN
Perversions of the archive In the article, the author discusses the problematic status of an archival document,taking into account the concepts of perverse historiography and the methodological indicators of the apartheid archive. Documents stored in IPN (Institute of National Remembrance) have been used to show the challenges faced by the people investigating the documents stored there and attempting to unify the material found in the archive. The analysis of Autor Solaris, a 2016 biographical documentary film about Stanisław Lem, is preceded by reflections on the involvement of the archive researchers in politics and their reproductions of clichés and stereotypes about the past, which the author sees as directly leading to blurring and erasing of the victims’ testimonies. In doing so, the author uses critical analyses of the pornographic aspects of the presentation of mass murder victims. Relating to a concept proposed by one of the critics indicating that using archival sources in modern art leads to a mass amnesia, the author points to thedangers of using Nazi propaganda films in contemporary documentary film.
PL
Perversions of the archive In the article, the author discusses the problematic status of an archival document,taking into account the concepts of perverse historiography and the methodological indicators of the apartheid archive. Documents stored in IPN (Institute of National Remembrance) have been used to show the challenges faced by the people investigating the documents stored there and attempting to unify the material found in the archive. The analysis of Autor Solaris, a 2016 biographical documentary film about Stanisław Lem, is preceded by reflections on the involvement of the archive researchers in politics and their reproductions of clichés and stereotypes about the past, which the author sees as directly leading to blurring and erasing of the victims’ testimonies. In doing so, the author uses critical analyses of the pornographic aspects of the presentation of mass murder victims. Relating to a concept proposed by one of the critics indicating that using archival sources in modern art leads to a mass amnesia, the author points to the dangers of using Nazi propaganda films in contemporary documentary film.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2022
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vol. 17
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issue 12
146-159
EN
This paper deals with Lem’s Fables for Robots and sheds some light on the genological interplay between science fiction and fairy tale. Its aim is to show to what extent a key feature of fairy tales like magic is transformed within the framework of science fiction. Lem depicts peculiarities of technological civilisation (Gotthard Günther). By referring to the fairy tale Lem draws the attention to the non-technological background in this civilisation, namely the desires and aspirations on which technologies as well as social order are based on. In this interconnection of desire and technology lies the core of Lem’s literary synthesis of fairy tale and science fiction. This synthesis is contextualised on the basis of Lem’s own theoretical works, related discussions of magic in technology (Norbert Wiener, Arthur C. Clarke), and Max Horkheimer’s critical reassessment of modern rationality.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o Bajkach robotów i rzuca światło na wzajemne oddziaływanie fantastyki naukowej i bajki, jednocześnie zamierza pokazać, do jakiego stopnia cecha tak charakterystyczna dla bajki jak magia została przerobiona w ramach fantastyki naukowej. Lem przedstawia osobliwości cywilizacji technologicznej (Gotthard Günther). Nawiązując to bajki Lem zwraca uwagę na nietechnologiczne tło tejże cywilizacji, a mianowicie pragnienia oraz intencje, które leżą u podstaw zarówno technologii jak i porządku społecznemu. W połączeniu pragnienia i technologii tkwi sęk w lemowskiej literackiej syntezy bajki z fantastyką naukową. Synteza ta jest skontekstualizowana na podstawie utworów teoretycznych Lema, związanych z nimi dyskusji dotyczących magii w technologii (Norbert Wiener, Arthur C. Clarke) oraz krytyki racjonalności nowoczesnej przez Maxa Horkheimera.
EN
In the 1990s, posthumanism gained popularity in interdisciplinary research, and its concept of the personification of technology and the “cyborg” offered a wide scope for science fiction. But as early as the 1970s, Polish science fiction novelist Stanisław Lem had already made a manifesto of posthumanism in his work, in which he created Golem XIV, a typical cyborg, and expressed his own views on the relationship between human and technology, human and non-human, etc. through the narration of this artificial intelligence. In his book, he created Golem XIV, the archetypal cyborg. The philosophical ideas of Lem in Golem XIV not only coincide with the present theories of posthumanism in many ways, but also have some insightful thoughts that go far beyond the framework of posthumanist thought and are more forward-looking. This paper includes the history of the development of the discipline of posthumanism, discussion on the content of Lem’s Golem XIV, an in-depth analysis of posthumanist thinking, and Lem’s own unique philosophical views in the hope of providing new ideas for interpreting Lem’s work.
PL
Stanisław Lem był wielkim pisarzem, futurystą i krytykiem literackim, ale chińskie przekłady większości jego dzieł zostały wydane w Chinach dopiero z okazji setnej rocznicy urodzin autora w 2021 roku. Z tej przyczyny prowadzone w Chinach badania naukowe na temat Lema i jego twórczości są nieliczne. Wielu czytelników nie do końca rozumie też idee zawarte w książkach Stanisława Lema. Istnieje zatem potrzeba znalezienia odpowiednich metod analizy i badania twórczości pisarza. W niniejszym artykule wykazano, że perspektywa posthumanistyczna może dostarczyć wiarygodnego wzoru dla studiów nad Lemem. W latach 90. XX wieku popularność zdobyły interdyscyplinarne badania nad posthumanizmem, a ich koncepcja personifikacji technologii i „cyborga” otworzyła szeroką przestrzeń pisarzom reprezentującym literaturę popularnonaukową. Jednak już w latach 70. Lem złożył deklarację posthumanizmu, w której wykreował typową postać cyborga – Golema XIV – i przez narrację tej sztucznej inteligencji wyraził własne poglądy na temat relacji między człowiekiem a technologią, człowiekiem a nie-człowiekiem. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano dzieło Lema Golem XIV. Przedstawione w tym utworze filozoficzne idee autora nie tylko pokrywają się pod wieloma względami z dzisiejszymi teoriami posthumanistycznymi, lecz także wyrażają pewne wnikliwe refleksje, które jako bardziej futurystyczne wykraczają daleko poza ramy myśli posthumanistycznej. Lem skupia się przede wszystkim na interpretacji ewolucji i mądrości. Cel ludzkiego istnienia wyjaśnia w kategoriach ewolucji, co mieści się w ramach posthumanizmu. Jednak prezentowany utwór zawiera nie tylko posthumanistyczną krytykę antropocentryzmu – także dopełnia dekonstrukcję człowieka. Wielu badaczy we wcześniejszych opracowaniach łączyło twórczość Lema z posthumanizmem, ale opracowaniom tym brakowało teoretycznego wsparcia. Niewiele też mówiono o historii rozwoju dyscyplinarnego tego nurtu, co uczyniono w niniejszym artykule. Zawarto w nim ponadto omówienie kompozycji układu treści dzieła Lema Golem XIV, przedstawiono pogłębioną analizę obecnych w nim idei posthumanistycznych oraz wydestylowano unikalne poglądy filozoficzne Lema w nadziei na dostarczenie nowych pomysłów na interpretację jego utworu.
EN
The article presents censorship reviews of "Memoirs Found in a Bathtub" by Stanisław Lem written in censorship offices in Cracow and Warsaw. As a result of the reservations expressed by censors, the author added a new preface to the novel which was accepted for the publication of the book without further interference. Numerous censorship documents dealing only with one novel clarify the circumstances of writing the foreword and also provide some insight to the censors’ way of thinking, illustrate the most important control mechanisms and present formal evaluation criteria – both politically-ideological and aesthetic. The censors evaluating Lem ’s novel do not intend to go through the interpretative labyrinth of "Memoirs…"; they insist on author’s unambiguous comments which would allow to neutralise political vagueness by the 'appropriate' orientation of the novel. When accepting the new preface they seem to omit (yet it is not certain to what extant the omission is deliberate) the fact that the added foreword is another layer of the novel’s fiction and is not a meta-comment which could be considered as the voice of the author.
EN
This review focuses on the essay by Andrzej Wasilewski Teoria literatury Stanisława Lema [Stanisław Lem’s Theory of Literature]. This work differs from other previously mentioned studies for several reasons. The author focuses on a specific aspect of Lem’s intellectual work, namely, on the theory of literature. This was a new issue that had not previously been given much thought when considering Lem’s works. However, despite how it was advertised, the essay is of a philosophical nature rather than about the theory of literature. Nevertheless, despite the misunderstandings and the hermetic style of the dissertation, this monograph was the first to offer a wider view on the issues of literature. In this sense, Wasilewski’s essay may play an important role in this field and make it easier for future researchers to comprehend the issue of understanding Lem’s essays.
PL
W recenzji omówiona została rozprawa Andrzeja Wasilewskiego Teoria literatury Stanisława Lema. Jest to praca wyróżniająca się na tle pozostałych, przywołanych uprzednio opracowań z kilku względów. Autor, zgodnie z tytułem, koncentruje się na wybranym aspekcie intelektualnej działalności Lema, tj. teorii literatury. To z pewnością zagadnienie w refleksji nad myślowym dorobkiem Lema nowe, któremu nie poświęcano dotychczas większej uwagi. Jednakże, wbrew zapowiedziom, rozprawa sytuuje się raczej w kręgu filozofii niż teorii literatury. Niezależnie jednakże od nieporozumień oraz hermetycznego stylu wywodu omawiana monografia jest pierwszą rozprawą oferującą tak szerokie spojrzenie na zagadnienia związane z literaturą. W tym sensie rozprawa Wasilewskiego może pełnić istotną funkcję rekonesansu, ułatwiającego przyszłym badaczom rozpoznanie problematyki rozumienia literatury w eseistyce Lema.
EN
This article offers an outline of Connectivism (Connettivismo), one of the most recent Italian literary movements. It began in 2004 as a particular expression of Italian literature at the beginning of the 21st century, in a historical context characterised by the relevant influence of the Internet on literary texts and by the flourishing of intense debate on several literary blogs. In the initial part of the article, the history of Connectivism is illustrated, with specific reference to its main publications and its Manifesto. The core themes of Connectivism are the interplay between science, technology and humanistic culture; the interaction between human beings and IT components; the new challenges of ecology; the dimension of the Depth, mainly according to Jungian psychology; and the theme examined here: the concept of the Beyond. The Beyond has a twofold meaning, referring to the limit and purpose of human knowledge—in relation to the boundaries of the exploration of the universe—and to the dimension of the intuitive comprehension of the spiritual roots of Being. Towards this end, passages by Connectivist authors, critics who studied the movement and classical authors who inspired the Connectivist poetics (such as Stanisław Lem and Giovanni Papini) are compared here.
IT
Scopo di questo articolo è delineare i tratti essenziali del Connettivismo, uno dei più recenti movimenti letterari italiani, fondato nel 2004 e particolare espressione della letteratura italiana dell’inizio del XXI secolo, in un contesto storico caratterizzato dall’importante influsso di internet sui testi letterari e dalla fioritura di un intenso dibattito su numerosi blog specialistici. Nella parte iniziale dell’articolo viene illustrata la storia del Connettivismo, con riferimento alle sue principali pubblicazioni e al suo Manifesto. I temi centrali del movimento sono l’interazione tra scienza, tecnologia e cultura umanistica, il rapporto di reciproca integrazione tra esseri umani e componenti tecnologiche, le nuove sfide dell’ecologia, la dimensione del Profondo, soprattutto nell’ottica della psicologia junghiana, e quello che è l’oggetto specifico di questo articolo: il concetto dell’Oltre, nella sua duplice accezione di limite e fine della conoscenza umana – in relazione ai confini dell’esplorazione dell’universo –, e di dimensione di comprensione intuitiva delle radici spirituali dell’Essere. A questo scopo, vengono confrontati tra loro passi di autori connettivisti, di critici che hanno studiato il movimento e di autori classici che ne hanno ispirato la poetica (come Stanisław Lem e Giovanni Papini).
EN
Stanisław Lem, a philosopher and futurologist, in his many works devoted much attention to the condition of human and the relation between human and technology. He coined the term ‘autoevolution’ in the course of forecasting unlimited technological augmentation of human abilities. Nowadays, the term may be associated with the conceptions presented by transhumanism, a 20th-century-born philosophical movement which advocates radical transformation of Homo sapiens by means of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Lem’s attitude towards such a transformation of human is complicated yet ultimately critical due to the fact that it poses a threat to human culture as such. The phenomenon of autoevolution undermines existing values and raises a question of authenticity of a future posthuman. We examine dependence between technology and culture, present Lem’s conception of autoevolution and his philosophy of culture, then we sketch a post-metaphysical dispute about authenticity, and finally show that Lem’s thought ­belongs to one of the arguing sides.
PL
Artykuł bada wybrane filozoficzne aspekty powieści Solaris Stanisława Lema. Twierdzę, że zachodzi interesujące podobieństwo pomiędzy historią „solarystyki” – fikcyjnej dyscypliny naukowej opisywanej przez Lema a historią kognitywistyki. Pokazuję, że obie dyscypliny przechodziły przez podobne etapy, starając się opisać swój przedmiot (odpowiednio, planetę Solaris oraz świadomość ludzką). W dalszej części artykułu skupiam się na dwóch problemach zidentyfikowanych w kognitywistyce, które można bezpośrednio odnieść do wątków obecnych w Solaris: problemie wykrywania istot myślących oraz problemie reprezentacji umysłowych. Kończę artykuł przyglądając się tajemniczym gościom, którzy prześladują bohaterów powieści i pokazuję, że mogą oni być zinterpretowani jako modele heurystyczne rozważane w teoriach uploadu.
EN
The paper analyses selected philosophical aspects of Stanisław Lem’s Solaris. I argue that there is an interesting similarity between the history of “Solarist studies” –the fictional scientific discipline depicted by Lem and cognitive science. I show that both disciplines go through similar stages as they try to describe their main subject (the planet Solaris and human consciousness respectively). In the further part of the paper, I focus on two problems identified in cognitive science that can be directly related to the themes found in Solaris: the problem of the detection of intelligence and the problem of the notion of mental representations. I finish the paper by looking at the mysterious guests that stalk the main protagonists and show that they can be understood as heuristic models that are taken into account in the theories of mind uploading.
|
2019
|
vol. 18
|
issue 3
55-65
PL
Szczęście i jego uwarunkowania są przedmiotem badań naukowych już od czasów Arystotelesa. Temat jest podejmowany z różnym powodzeniem w wielu dziedzinach nauki. Głównym problemem badawczym jest w niniejszym studium określenie defi nicji szczęścia, która dałaby możliwość sformułowania modelu matematycznego, umożliwiając w ten sposób zmierzenie poziomu szczęścia. W tym celu dokonano przeglądu literatury dotyczącej definicji szczęścia. Jednak w propozycji Stanisława Lema zidentyfi kowano sformułowanie defi nicyjne pozwalające na osiągnięcie zamierzonego celu. Stanisław Lem w swoich futurystycznych pracach nie tylko podał precyzyjną defi nicję szczęścia, ale także zaproponował stosowną jednostkę jej pomiaru. Na tej podstawie został sformułowany model matematyczny, który opisuje poziomy szczęścia z ilościowego punktu widzenia, z zastosowaniem jednostki jego miary włącznie.
EN
Background: Happiness and its determinants have been the subject of scientifi c inquiries as early as in the works of Aristotle. It has appeared in many fi elds of science. For example, in economics, Frank Knight indicated happiness as one of the three main factors of business success (1921). Nowadays, positive psychology also deals with success. Happiness is therefore an important success factor, not only in business, but also in the real life, career, and development of every human being (Brickman et al. 2016; Seligman 2005). Aim: The main research problem, as a case study, was to identify a defi nition of happiness, which would provide the opportunity to formulate a mathematical model, thus making it possible to measure levels of happiness. Materials and methods: Literature reviews on the defi nition of happiness were conducted to achieve the main aim. They resulted in identifying the proposals of Stanisław Lem, who in his futuristic works not only off era definition of happiness but also describes a unit of its measurement and provides a recipe for it. This became the basis for designing a computer simulation of the defi nition of happiness as a kind of human experience. Results: A newly designed mathematical model was formulated that describes levels of happiness from a quantitative point of view, including a unit of its measurement. Conclusion: The designed mathematical model is complete and is the fi rst example of the implementation of the defi nition of happiness described in literature. It is also the first step in the mathematical approach to happiness becoming the most important factor of human work, development, and success.
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The article focuses on the referential function of science fiction and its relations to speculative anthropology and anthropological fiction. The methodological context for this analysis consists of Andrzej Stoff’s concept of literary images in science-fiction novels, Fredric Jameson’s archaeology of the future, and Roman Jakobson’s theory of the referential function of language. The texts analyzed herein are two novels: by Stanisław Lem (Solaris) and Peter Watts (Blindsight). These works are analyzed as procedurals — novels emphasizing sequences of scientific (anthropological) procedures and discussing cultural categories such as “otherness,” “race,” and “anthropocentrism.”
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This article analyses some of the most significant aspects of the exploratory adventure around the physiology of consciousness which the Polish writer Stanisław Lem provides in his science-fiction novels and essays. It is argued that the onto-epistemological and ethical problems associated with the complex mind-brain relationship, the sophisticated medical intervention devices that involve neuronal communication, and the challenges that humankind faces in view of the physical and intellectual evolutionary advance largely determine Lem’s perspective, which is shown to lie between fantastic inventiveness and plausible foresight.
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