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EN
The building partnerships with suppliers, contributes increasingly effective and fast communication. Currently, most often takes the form of exchange of information, using electronic means of communication. Relationship management in the supply chain allows the participants to see the significant benefits that affect strongly on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of processes, thus lowering the impact on operating costs for both suppliers and customers. Through effective communication between the partners carried out it is possible to prevent potential losses by coordinating the flow of information for both prospective customer demand forecasts and actual demand in the period. This is achieved by working closely linked to the monitoring of stocks and needs of clients (through the analysis of various ranges of production cycles). Building these relationships allows for quick and effective communication (the ability to interact on-line) by familiarizing customers with current product offerings (taking into account the innovations introduced), check product availability in stock suppliers, as well as an assessment of the supplier's ability to design or produce the necessary volume of the deadline. Effective communication processes run allow the formation of close relationships with suppliers posed by the precise definition of the technical requirements (in terms of quality parameters and to have the necessary infrastructure) and organizational (implementation of operational improvement tools).
EN
During the last two decades, the intra-industry trade between western companies and former socialist enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe gradually shifted from the subcontracting of marginal operations such as final assembly to the outsourcing of products and intermediate inputs. To further enhance their competitiveness, firms in Central and Eastern Europe have yet to take one more step forward: integrate services with manufacturing. Developing such capabilities hinges, aside from intensive training and learning on the existence of functional interactive knowledgebased innovation systems. Whereas Central and East European economies exhibit conspicuous weaknesses in this last respect, they still possess a countervailing advantage that is apt to lure foreign investors into the region: lower wage rates relative to western countries across all industries and skill levels. Offshoring therefore seems to be the most appropriate means to reconcile the two sides of the coin.
EN
Aim/purpose – The main purposes of the paper are to analyze features creating a Wal-Mart’s successful integrated supply chain that contributes its dominant position in the retail market and identify issues existing in Wal-Mart’s supply chain. Then some suggestions will be mentioned for Wal-Mart to establish the Triple-A supply chain. Methodology – This paper is based on literature studies for reviewing Wal-Mart’s integrated supply chain and designing an ideal Triple-A supply chain. Findings – The key findings indicate that it is necessary to build the Triple-A supply chain for not only Wal-Mart but also firms in the 21st century and in order to achieve an ideal supply chain, firms need to redesign its supply chain towards an integrated supply chain with three capabilities (agility, adaptability and alignment) in which aligning incentives can be seen as the most important component. Research implications/limitations – This research confirms that an integrated supply chain will be the first vital pre-requisite for a firm to improve the supply chain performance and achieve an ideal supply chain. However, a main limitation is that findings are only based on the literature. Contribution – It is suggested that in order to build a successful supply chain that enhances both short-run and long-run competitive advantages, firms should follow the idea of designing an ideal Triple-A supply chain with three capabilities including agility, adaptability and alignment, in which aligning incentives among participating partners can be seen as the most important feature.
EN
Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) is an economic theory that provides an analytical framework for investigating the governance structure of contractual relations within a supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to examine existing research in an effort to understand the potential effects of transaction costs on the vertical coordination of a supply chain. The paper arrives at many insights into how supply chains are organized under different governance structures. These insights can certainly be shared via the development and introduction of related propositions. The conceptual typology of contractual relations developed herein can help researchers better understand the scope of both the problems and the opportunities associated with supply management. It will be of value, therefore, not only to researchers who desire to expand their research into this area, but also to those who have already investigated this topic in isolation or with limited scope.
EN
Aim/purpose – The paper aims to summarize approaches to complexity management by implementing particular logistics concepts within logistics strategies in global supply chains and to highlight a research gap in this regard. Additionally, complexity management concepts are presented. Design/methodology/approach – To achieve the research objective, a systematic literature review was used. 11 research paper were analyzed with use of review protocol. Findings – Approaches to mentioned research problem are heterogeneous in current literature and there is a research gap in complexity studies in logistics, precluding further research, for example, on complexity measurement systems. Research implications/limitations – Identified research gap will require further studies. Studied area requires more empirical research, especially in the field of complexity measurement and management techniques in particular global supply chains. Originality/value/contribution – The paper summarizes current knowledge about logistics concepts helping to manage complexity in global supply chains and defines research gaps. There are no available literature summary of that kind. The article contains a full review of logistics complexity management concepts presented in scientific literature until the end of 2016.
EN
Aim/purpose – The aim of this paper is to present a strategy that allows companies to recover from disasters, when creating a supply chain. Furthermore, it also shows the impact on the company’s resources that are used in the implementation of the strategy in case of small and big disasters. Thanks to the proposed solution, it is possible to analyze each company individually, as well as in groups, at any given time. Design/methodology/approach – The results were obtained based on a numerical analysis which was performed with the use of MATLAB software. The tests were carried out separately for five companies, as each of them may expect a disaster on any different day. However, the selection of the day when crises occur is carried out in accordance with the probability determined by scientific research. Findings – The research showed that companies using their resources can continue to fulfill their functions as a link in the Supply Chain despite the fact that they react differently to small disasters compared to big ones. This difference occurs since small disasters in contrast to big ones appear in every company much more often. Consequently, it is more difficult for companies to build their wealth in the case of small disasters. The advantage of the proposed approach is that one can freely test which strategy can cause the least losses for the company as well as for the entire supply chain. Research implications/limitations – The analysis carried out shows that companies wishing to develop in conditions of unexpected disasters, that cannot be predicted, should regularly increase their assets because they are needed to implement a strategy that allows them to maintain an appropriate operational level. This approach provides tools that enable the selection of strategies with variable parameters, freely determined during the scientific research. Originality/value/contribution – The paper presents a graphical analysis of the change in the value of resources of a supply chain company over one year period. Such an analysis may be useful for any company that creates a supply chain during the COVID-19 crisis period, which is an unpredictable disaster. The adoption of a Gaussian Pseudo Random Number Generator turned out to be useful as it creates crises days while simulation studies allow us to generate experiments for different data configurations. This paper provides an analysis of small and large disasters separately, which is an approach not presented in the literature.
PL
Artykuł porusza zagadnienia związane z handlem internetowym oraz rynkiem nieruchomości logistycznych. Jego celem jest próba wskazania zależności i trendów występujących pomiędzy omawianymi branżami. Dynamiczny rozwój e-commerce oraz dążenie do szybszego dotarcia z zakupionym w internecie towarem do klienta oddziałuje na wzrost popytu na powierzchnie w nieruchomościach logistycznych ze strony firm działających w internecie.
EN
Article addresses issues related to online trade and logistics real estate market. Efforts were made to indicate the dependencies and trends occurring between discussed sectors. The dynamic development of e-commerce and increasing desire for faster delivery of goods purchased on Internet influences the growth of demand for warehousing space needed by logistics firms operating on the Internet.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy wpływu zaufania międzyorganizacyjnego na wyniki działalności łańcucha dostaw (supply chain performance). Jego celem było także opracowanie mapy bibliometrycznej wskazującej obszary tematyczne powiązane z zagadnieniem zaufania oraz oceną wyników działalności łańcucha dostaw. W przeprowadzonym przeglądzie literatury wykorzystano artykuły z lat 2000-2015 dostępne w bazach EBSCO oraz ScienceDirect. Analizę bibliometryczną przeprowadzono na podstawie artykułów naukowych dostępnych w bazach Web of Science i Scopus. Do opracowania danych wykorzystano oprogramowanie VOSviewer oraz analizę współwystępowania słów w tytułach, streszczeniach i słowach kluczowych analizowanych publikacji.
EN
In the paper the impact of interorganizational trust on supply chain performance was analysed. The aim of the article was also to develop bibliometric map indicating the thematic areas related to the issue of trust and supply chain performance. In the conducted literature review the articles from year 2000 to 2015 available in EBSCO and ScienceDirect research databases were analysed. Bibliometric analysis was carried out on the basis of scientific articles available in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The bibliometric map was elaborated with use of VOSviewer software and analysis of co-occurrence of words in the titles, abstracts and keywords in analysed publications.
EN
The article presents the principles of operation supply chains, and shows the variability of their configuration. The variability is caused mostly economic reasons such as cost, quality infrastructure and relationships with partners. The problem occurs in the supply of crude oil to the refinery in Poland. The chain formed under the previous system will soon be exposed to strong competition and will need to create a new system of supply. In the feature we can aspect an important role of Gdańsk port in petroleum supply chain. Relative to its infrastructures will become a major service center of petroleum products and petroleum services.
PL
Zarządzanie kosztami w łańcuchach dostaw wymaga analizy wpływu powiązań z dostawcami i odbiorcami na kształtowanie się kosztów całego łańcucha. Taka perspektywa powoduje, że przedsiębiorstwa funkcjonujące w łańcuchach dostaw powinny rozpatrywać swój łańcuch wartości jako część całego łańcucha wartości, w którym realizowane są działania tworzące wartość. Analiza łańcucha wartości (value chain analysis, VCA) może stanowić ważne narzędzie w określaniu metodologii rachunku kosztów łańcucha dostaw. Celem artykułu było omówienie możliwości zastosowania analizy łańcucha wartości w rachunku kosztów łańcucha dostaw. Do realizacji celu przeprowadzono badanie dotychczasowej literatury przedmiotu w obszarze analizy łańcucha wartości i możliwości wykorzystania tej metody w rachunku kosztów łańcucha dostaw. W artykule wykazano przydatność koncepcji VCA w określaniu całkowitego kosztu kluczowych procesów łańcucha dostaw.
EN
Cost management in supply chains requires analysis of the impact of relationships with suppliers and customers on the development of the entire chain costs. This perspective means that enterprises operating in supply chains should consider their value chain as part of the entire value chain in which value-creating activities are carried out. Value chain analysis (VCA) can be an important tool in determining the methodology of supply chain costing. The aim of the article was to discuss the possibility of using value chain analysis in the supply chain costing. To accomplish the goal, an analysis of the existing literature on the subject in the area of value chain analysis and the possibility of using this method in the supply chain costing was carried out. The article demonstrates the usefulness of the VCA concept in determining the total cost of key supply chain processes.
PL
Przedsiębiorstwa działające w pojedynkę mają mniejszą szansę uzyskać przewagę konkurencyjną na rynku, ponieważ działając w ramach łańcucha bądź sieci, zyskują efekt synergii. Łańcuchami dostaw należy w odpowiedni sposób zarządzać i koordynować działania w ich ramach, aby działały prawidłowo i skutecznie. W praktyce występują trzy formy koordynacji: rynkowa (oparta na pieniądzu), hierarchiczna (oparta na poleceniach) i społeczna (oparta głównie na zaufaniu). Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie jednej z form koordynacji – koordynacji społecznej – oraz udowodnienie, że wszystkie formy koordynacji występują zawsze łącznie, jednak jedna z nich dominuje. W artykule zostanie przedstawiony łańcuch dostaw firmy Samsung. Jest to przykład, który prezentuje dominację społecznej formy koordynacji i jednocześnie potwierdza występowanie formy hierarchicznej i rynkowej. Firma Samsung musiała stanąć przed ogromnym wyzwaniem w zakresie smartfonów po pojawieniu się na rynku firmy Apple. Jest to jeden z powodów, dla którego współpraca z dostawcami i odpowiednia koordynacja działań w łańcuchach dostaw jest tak istotna w przypadku przedsiębiorstwa posiadającego silnego konkurenta.
EN
Enterprises which are operating alone have smaller chance of gaining a competitive advantage on the market, because acting in supply chain or network, give them possibility to gain synergy. Supply chains should be properly manager and coordinated in good ways to work properly and effectively. In practise, there are three forms of coordination: market (based on money), hierarchical (based on commands) and social (based mainly on trust). The aim of the article is to present one of the form of coordination, social coordination and to prove that all forms of coordination are in every supply chain, but one of them dominates. This article presents Samsung’s supply chain. It is the example which presents the dominance of social form of coordination and at the same time confirms the existence of hierarchical and market form. Company Samsung had to face a huge challenge in smartphone’s field after the appearance of Apple on the market. This is one of the reasons why cooperation with suppliers and appropriate coordination of activities in supply chain is so important in the case of company which has such strong competitor.
PL
Rosnąca rola zaufania w dynamicznym i konkurencyjnym otoczeniu sprawia, że coraz częściej staje się ono przedmiotem analizy w kontek ście interorganizacyjnym, a mianowicie łańcucha dostaw. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest rzucenie światła na zagadnienie zaufania w łańcuchu sieci dostaw poprzez zaprezentowanie zintegrowanego modelu ujmującego determinanty, typy i konsekwencje zaufania w łań-cuchu dostaw.
EN
Rising role of a trust in dynamic and competitive environment makes trust become a subject of analyses in the inter-organization context − in the context of a supply chain. The aim of this paper is to explain a problem of trust by offering a proposal of an integrated model containing determinants, types and consequences of trust in supply chains.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest uporządkowanie wiedzy dotyczącej pojęcia, zasad i elementów idei zielonych łańcuchów dostaw na tle pokrewnych koncepcji, tj. odpowiedzialnych i zrównoważonych łańcuchów dostaw, ekologistycznych łańcuchów dostaw, a także ich relacji z często używanymi pojęciami: zielonej logistyki, ekologistyki, logistyki odwrotnej, logistyki odzysku, logistyki utylizacji, logistyki recyclingu oraz logistyki zwrotu. Autorzy przeprowadzili analizę logiczną literatury przedmiotu. Na tej podstawie wykazano, iż koncepcja zielonych łańcuchów dostaw mieści się w szerzej interpretowanym, zrównoważonym i odpowiedzialnym społecznie nazewnictwie. Terminy bliskoznaczne, tj. ekologistyczny łańcuch dostaw, ekologistyka, logistyka odwrotna i inne, najczęściej dotyczą jedynie strumienia odpadów, a więc są terminami o węższym zakresie pojęciowym. Przeprowadzona próba systematyzacji pojęć powinna być inspiracją do dalszej dyskusji na temat konieczności uporządkowania terminologii w zakresie nauk o zarządzaniu.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to identify the essence, rules and elements of the green supply chain idea in relation to similar concepts, such as responsible and sustainable supply chains. The authors made the logic analysis based on the literature review which proved that the green supply chain concept is a part of broader ideas of sustainable supply chain as well as socially responsible supply chain. The similar terms, such as: ecologistical supply chain, green logistics, ecologistics, reverse logistics, utilization logistics, recycling logistics and other are usually used in a narrow sense restricted to flows of waste. The undertaken attempt to terms systematization should be an inspiration for further discussion concerning the necessity of ordering the terminology within the management science.
PL
Sektor publiczny różnych szczebli (państwo, województwo, powiat, gmi-na) realizuje wiele zadań – od tych bardzo prostych, po kompleksowe, wydając ogromne sumy pieniędzy. Organizacje publiczne, dążąc do zapewnienia pożądanego poziomu świadczeń, coraz częściej korzystają z alternatywnych form organizacyjnych (np. part-nerstwo publiczno-prywatne) i źródeł finansowania, tzn. gwarantują dostęp do świad-czeń, jednak nie zawsze je samodzielnie wykonują. A to powoduje zmiany w (publicz-nych) ł ańcuchach tworzenia wartości, gdyż wzrasta liczba uczestników łańcucha. Zmiany te stanowią impuls do podjęcia próby wskazania, że orientacja na odbiorców i przepływy stanowi kluczowe atrybuty (publicznego) łańcucha dostaw.
EN
The public sector at various levels (country, province, district, commune) re-alizes many tasks − from the very simple to the complex, spending a lot of money. Pu-blic organizations aiming to provide the desired level of benefits, turning to alternative form of organization more and more often (eg. public-private partership) and to diferent source of funding. That’s mean they guarantees the acces to the benefits, but they do not perform them by themselves. And this is the causes of changes in the (public) value cha-in, because the number of participants in chain is increasing. These changes are the im-pulse to try to identify that focusing on consumer and flow of materials are the key of public supply chain.
EN
The article examines a logistics chain of Kenya cut flower industry with special emphasis on safety and security issues. The robust growth in this sector of Kenyan economy, important for the EU market, is endangered both because of security problems resulting from Kenya’s domestic political situation, imported terrorism from neighbouring Somalia, and underdevelopment of Kenyan transportation network. The author shows how Kenyan flower farmers try to overcome those obstacles. The research is based on field visit to Kongoni River Farm in central Kenya.
EN
The issue of supply chain security is not the same everywhere, especially when the global and local dimensions are considered. The article discusses in detail the differences occurring in the perception of the problem of security, as well as in the evaluation of the most important threats to the supply chain. International regulations generally apply to the most commonly used modes of transport and to global threats such as terrorism. The local dimension, described on the example of Polish enterprises, involves other means of transport and occurring threats. Despite this, all companies are obliged to comply with international rules and procedures imposed by other countries which results in additional costs, but does not guarantee better protection in the local dimension. The article analyzes the possibility of filling this gap by voluntary initiatives instead of another international laws.
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EN
A supply chain is a complex and dynamic supply and demand network of agents, activities, resources, technology and information involved in moving products or services from supplier to customer. The suitability of supply chains can be measured by multiple criteria, such as environmental, social, economic, and others. Finding an equilibrium between the interests of members of a sustainable supply chain is a very important problem. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the design of sustainable supply chains and to create a comprehensive model and solution methods for designing sustainable supply chains. Multiple criteria analysis and game theory is a natural choice to effectively analyze and model decision making in such multiple agent situation with multiple criteria where the outcome depends on the choice made by every agent. Multiple criteria analysis is useful for assessing sustainability of supply chains. The De Novo approach focusses on designing optimal systems. Game theory has become a useful instrument in the analysis of supply chains with multiple agents. Games are used for behavior modeling of supply chains; they focus on the allocation of resources, capacities, costs, revenues and profits. The co-opetition concept combines the advantages of both competition and cooperation into new dynamics, which can be used to not only generate more profits, but also to change the nature of the business environment for the benefit of users.
PL
Zmieniające się warunki funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw i trendy gospodarcze sprawiły, że pojęcie nadzoru korporacyjnego, tak jak i pojęcie zarządzania rozszerzone zostało również na relacje międzyorganizacyjne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty i specyfiki nadzoru międzyorganizacyjnego w łańcuchach dostaw. Analizie poddano pojęcie, różne definicje nadzoru międzyorganizacyjnego, funkcje oraz mechanizmy nadzoru w kontekście łańcucha dostaw. Dokonano przeglądu badań literaturowych w zakresie stosowanych mechanizmów nadzoru relacji wewnątrz łańcucha dostaw.
EN
Changing business environment and economic trends meant that the concept of corporate governance such as the concept of management has been extended to inter- -organizational relationships. This article aims to present the essence and the importance of inter-organizational governance in supply chain management. The concept, various definitions of inter-organizational governance, functions and governance mechanisms in the context of supply chain were examined. A review of literature research in the field of governance mechanisms applied in the context of relationships within the supply chain was carried out.
EN
A general supply chain functions as a closed cluster and consists of at least three companies: supplier, producer and buyer. In an optimal case the companies within a supply chain are well integrated, partnership rests on trust which results in common strategic decisions. Business practices show that there is a stronger company within the chain that uses its power position to influence network development. The objective of the research is to measure how and what kind of power position is needed to influence the supply chain. The hypothesis states, that power and network development are opposite effects in a supply chain. Statistical examination of data gained from 221 companies state that the company with power position has advantages if the supply chain extends. SPSS analysis proves that the hypothesis is false and opens a new direction of research. Companies within the supply chain have to cope with power structures while cooperating with each other. They tend to look for solutions to ease dependency. Using or misusing power has several factors; mainly they are inherited from the strongest link of the supply chain. This is usually a problem but the results of the statistical analysis show that still a win-win situation is needed for the companies in order to deepen the cooperation. To conclude this research the data shows that the goal is to be more competitive as a chain, not just as a company.
EN
In recent years the concept of coopetition becomes more and more popular in both economy and literature. The growing interest in coopetition strategies, their characteristics and adaptation stems from the fact that it may be perceived as a significant factor for leveraging effectiveness and performance of modern organizations. Drawn from existing literature this paper attempts to present the character of coopetition inside the aviation supply chain. By identifying different levels, scopes and fields of both cooperation and competition four types of coopetition were identified. In the light of the obtained results particular members of considered supply chain may be characterized by: national coopetition, global coopetition, hybrid coopetition and multidimensional coopetition. The identified types of coopetition are varied in terms of: a) the market scope of coopetition, b) types organizations engaged (i.e. subsidiaries / parent organizations), c) stages of supply chain maintaining coopetitive relationships, and d) complexity and directedness of coopetition.(original abstract)
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