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EN
The writings of Sylwia Chutnik are mainly interpreted from the two perspectives: gender and urban (Warsaw). These two perspectives are intertwined in her novels, starting from her very first Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet and continuing till her most recent collection of short stories W krainie czarów, thus giving her prose specific, seditious, and emergency character. This article attempts at firstly, showing Chutnik’s writing as a creative (and increasingly interesting, vide Cwaniary) way of developing fundamental beliefs and problems, narrative and plot structure devices, and literary patterns already used (if only in embryonic form) in the four stories of her first book. Secondly, the article attempts at presenting the literary intertextual background of this prose – exceptionally rich, conscious and… effective.
XX
L’oeuvre de Sylwia Chutnik est perçue avant tout dans deux contextes : genriste et municipal (varsovien). Les deux perspectives s’entrelacent dans ses romans – du premier ouvrage Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet jusqu’au dernier recueil de récits W krainie czarów – et déterminent un caractère spécifique, séditieux et interventionnel de cette littérature. Premièrement, on a essayé de présenter l’écriture de Chutnik comme un développement créatif (de plus en plus intéressant, voir Cwaniary de ses convictions et problèmes essentiels, de ses procédés narratifs et ceux d’affabulation, ainsi que de ses modèles littéraires visibles déjà (au moins à l’état embryonnaire) dans quatre récits de son premier roman ; deuxièmement, on a essayé de présenter l’arrière-plan littéraire et intertextuel de cette prose – exceptionnellement riche, conscient et… efficace.
EN
The article describes the motif of women and war in three novels by Sylwia Chutnik (born 1979): Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet (Pocket Atlas of Women) 2008, Dzidzia (Diddums) 2009 and Cwaniary (The Hustlers) 2012. Drawing from the context of modern Western studies, reflections on these works concern the relationship between gender and war, assuming that it grants an active and heroic role to men while putting women in the role of civilian victims, and in doing so, it consolidates the traditional social hierarchy. Even though the history of war contradicts such stereotypes and abounds in evidence of women’s courage, both as civilians and soldiers, the society – according to scholars – seems to reproduce wartime division of gender roles as justification for the cultural hierarchy of gender. This pushes women’s experience and memory of war to the margins of collective memory. Sylwia Chutnik portraits the women who participated in the Warsaw Uprising and depicts their lives after the war, rediscovering the (in)ability to build a women’s tradition of combat and to pass their wartime stories to daughters and granddaughters. She also shows the forgotten women’s memory of the Uprising: the terrible suffering of civilians, who often rebelled against military decisions. In her understanding, this memory forms an undertone in Polish culture, and has only recently been acknowledged by the so-called oral history.
EN
The article analyses the ways in which Sylwia Chutnik uses the category of space to break cognitive schemes and stop the reproduction of discourses which support them. Thanks to “anthropological shift of perspective” (T. Rakowski), warm irony and empathy the author of Pocket Atlas of Women (Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet) shows the lives of people “without a voice” and their inner world full of existential tensions. At the same time, the narrative strategy of Chutnik supports undermining and reinterpreting of the dominant cultural patterns, explores the phenomenon of exclusion and looking for points of subversive character that enables to go beyond fossilized and objectified paradigms.
EN
In Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet (2008), the first novel by Sylwia Chutnik (born in 1979), all protagonists bear traits of uncanniness. Her female characters reside between life and death, real life and nightmare, day and night, the acceptable and the (socially) forbidden. They are also bordering on madness. These motives, however, are presented by the author as comic, and what is more, in a manner resembling the game of cognitive perspectives in Romantic literature. Like a Romantic ballad-writer, the author’s narrator either enters the imaginary world vouching for its reality, or she undermines it, discreetly suggesting the fictional and literary nature of a story. The Romantic aesthetics has not, however, been revised by Chutnik, but used similarly to Umberto Eco’s notion of intertextual irony. Chutnik emphasizes her distance toward employed conventions (if only because of their historic character). As a result, she creates an ironic variation of the identity novel, which proves only partial identification of Chutnik’s writings with the prevailing narrative models. However indispensable these models are, their validity is totally arguable.
FR
Dans Kieszkonkowy atlas kobiet (2008), premier roman de Sylwia Chutnik (née en 1979), toutes les héroïnes les plus importantes portent les marques de l’insolite. Elles figurent comme des personnages se trouvant à la charnière de la vie et de la mort, de l’état de veille et du rêve-cauchemar, du jour et de la nuit, de l’admissible et de l’interdit (au niveau social). Elles frôlent également la folie. Cependant, l’écrivaine donne à ces motifs un caractère comique, et elle le fait de la façon qui évoque le jeu des perspectives cognitives dans la littérature romantique. À l’instar des auteurs romantiques de ballades, le narrateur tantôt pénètre dans l’univers représenté et affirme son caractère réel, tantôt il le met en question tout en soulignant d’une façon discrète le caractère fictif et littéraire du récit. Toutefois, l’esthétique romantique n’a pas été actualisée par Chutnik, mais elle a été réalisée d’une manière qui correspond à la notion de l’ironie intertextuelle introduite par Umberto Eco. Or, l’auteure marque la distance par rapport aux conventions rapportées (que ce soit à cause de leur caractère historique). En effet, l’écrivaine construit une variante ironique du récit identitaire témoignant d’une identification incomplète de la production littéraire de Chutnik aux narrations prédominantes ; même si l’on ne peut pas se passer de ces narrations-ci, leur validité est fort discutable.
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