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EN
The aim of the article is to present an attempt at typological classification of clay spindle whorls of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. It is a closely related category with textiles, but still quite often marginalized by archaeologists in the studies of the excavation materials. It is probably the effect of their commonness and obvious purpose. In opposition to such perception of this category of sources, a much broader aspect of the role of spindle whorls in phenomena of sociocultural and economic importance will be presented. Spindle whorls can be a starting point for research on the recognition and reconstruction of the weaving of the population of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture, research on the chronology and cultural relations of the described taxonomic unit as well as research on its rituals and social structures.
EN
The aim of the article is to present and analyse immovable finds and ceramic materials of the Mierzanowice, Trzicniec and Tarnobrzeg Lusatian cultures collected from site No. 1 in Wysoka, coming from trial excavations carried out in 1995. The uncovered ceramics indicate typical characteristics of the late phase of the Mierzanowice culture, the classical stage of development of the Trzciniec culture and the oldest phase of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Research results in Wysoka, site 1 has also provided very important data on the specificity of settlement in the area of the Rzeszów Foothills.
EN
It is truism to say that for an archaeologist the question of chronology is particularly important. In relation to Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture, this topic was frequently raised, which in the case of its early and late stages gave satisfactory results. There are numerous determinants of these phases, and they can also be divided into smaller periodical stages. The dynamics of change is well understood. However,p hase II is far more problematic. Basically, it is represented by one type of vessel. In addition, the 150–200 year phase is very compact in terms of inventory and it is almost impossible to identify older or younger materials. The problem of its decline also needs to be emphasized, where when treated through the prism of the San River style as it usually is, it should be prolonged to HaD. The author, using the correspondence board, tries to indicate materials which can be related to the older and younger episode of the second phase of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture.
EN
During the motorway excavations carried out in 2010 in Korczowa, Jarosław dist., site 22, two zoomorphic items made of clay were discovered. These are: a fragment of a pendant and a fragment of a figurine. Figurative representations discovered at archaeological sites are associated with all possible forms of art. They are interpreted as objects of cult significance, children’s toys or manifestations of the magic sphere. The popularity of these representations and the influences of the „Eastern” cultures, especially the forest-stepped zone of the Scythian cultural circle, on the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture suggest that both the pendant and the figurine from site 22 in Korczowa should be associated with aforementioned cultural provenance.
EN
The article presents the results of rescue excavations carried out in August 2018, at the archaeological site Łowce 17. The site is located on the extreme promontory of the loess lobe, extending at an altitude of 210m above sea level, near the riverbed of the Łęg Rokietnicki River. The value of this place has been confirmed several times by surface surveys, which provided the evidence of artefacts from the Neolithic period, Bronze Age, Roman influence and Early Middle Ages. In the course of excavations, an area of one are was examined. After removing the surface layer, an accumulation layer was recorded at the level of 40 cm, with numerous Neolithic and Bronze Age materials, together with an iron artefact. Below, at a level of about 50 cm, a layer of yellow loess was uncovered, in which features of the Mierzanowice culture, the Tarnobrzeg Łużycka culture and features of unknown chronology were recorded. In total, 20 features of an economic nature were registered, containing ceramic, flint and stone artefacts in their fills, as well as burnt daub and animal bones were noted. Moreover, secondary deposited material was observed in some features. In the next stage of research, the obtained materials were analyzed, which were mainly represented by pottery vessels. The research included the analysis in terms of technology, morphology and ornamentation, based on macroscopic characteristics. As a result of these observations, an attempt was made to determine the relative chronology, distinguishing the ceramics of the Funnel Beaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture, the Mierzanowice culture, the Trzciniec culture and the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. The assessment of the cultural affiliation of flint materials was difficult due to the uncharacteristic forms or lack of context. With reference to artefacts coming from the accumulation layer, a miniature axe/chisel made of Volyn flint was found, which can be attributed to the activities of the TRB and an iron axe/adze with undetermined chronology. As a result of the research, it was possible to confirm the high importance of site No. 17 in Łowce, which was a settlement enclave from the Middle Neolithic period to the Early Middle Ages. The studied area was part of the settlement of the Mierzanowice culture and Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Certainly the following years of research will provide a lot of valuable information about the settlement of these communities and the importance of the region.
EN
The present paper presents a microstructural analysis of cemeteries and settlements. With regard to cemeteries, the paper examines individual graves and their clusters and with regard to settlements the paper focuses on settlement features. Based on selected sources the article offers an interpretative model and concludes with a microregional analysis in which the mutual relationship between settlements and cemeteries has been examined. The cases explored herewith and the results achieved in the course of analysis allow for the supposition that studies on settlement and funerary microstructures are a basic method for revealing the characteristics of the lowest social strata, i.e. the family and microregional group (understood as members of a particular socjety who buried their dead at a nearby cemetery).
EN
Archaeological research at the site Tarnobrzeg 5 site was carried out by Jan Gurba and Marek Florek in 1992, uncovering settlement materials of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture (TLC) and the Trzciniec culture (TC). The latter were not very numerous and representative, so they did not give grounds for a specific determination of the chronology. Undoubtedly, the most interesting artefact was a bronze sickle with a knob, referring to the III and IV period of the Bronze Age. The TLC materials, which almost entirely can be referred to the III phase of its development, turned out to be crucial for determining the chronology of the site. In terms of pottery forms, the most numerous were egg-shaped pots with holes under the edge of the rim, finger hollows and plastic strips. An interesting form was also a bowl on an empty leg. Both egg-shaped pots and a bowl with an empty leg may be evidence of Eastern cultural influences. It is also worth noting two fragmentarily preserved vases, which – as it seems – can be dated to the turn of the II and III phases of the TLC, which would indicate the existence of chronologically older material. Bronze and iron tweezers have also been recorded here, which may document the dissemination of iron.
EN
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture is a cultural unit distinguished in south-eastern Poland, spanning from the middle Bronze Age to the early Iron Age (and thus roughly from the 14th/13th to the 5th/4th century BC). One of its most characteristic features are large crematory cemeteries (the largest consisting of more than a thousand tombs), utilized for many centuries. For many of them, apart from standard archaeological information, we also possess anthropological analysis, perfect for demographic considerations. One can specify the size and structure of the population which used the cemetery, as well as study the dynamics of changes in the course of a long period of burying the dead in the same place. Such an analysis in the form of social microstructure research is the basis of inference at a higher level, including mesoregions settlement, characterized by a network of co-occurring cemeteries and accompanying settlements. The sum of these observations, in turn, allows us to estimate the number of people living in the territory assigned to Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. At each level of inference in terms of population size, a crucial role is played by possibly the most accurate and precise estimation of time of cemetery usage or the presence of settlements in the analyzed region.
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