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CONCEPTION OF INTERMARIUM IN POLISH FOREIGN POLICY IN XXI CENTURY

100%
Tomaszewska N., Starzyk A.
Torun International Studies
|
2017
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issue 10
15-28
EN
Poland interests and her policy are strongly determined by her geopolitical conditions. More than 40 years of people democracy under USSR domination brings in whole region civilization and economic backwardness. After 1989 Poland attempts to “catch up” the Old Europe. Initiative of Three Seas is one of such attempt. Increasing relations with central and southern Europe especially in case of diversification of raw materials – like gas – can bring to region an independence from Russian supplies. Three Seas goes back to conception of Intermarium, and redefine her on amended conditions of modern world. In this article the Authors will present short history of conception Intermarium, main assumptions of polish foreign policy and will try to answer the question is this conception is still present in polish foreign policy, even if in changed form of Three Seas.
2
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Possibility of Implementing the Concept of the Intermarium in the Context of Militant Democracy in Poland During and After the Coronavirus Pandemic

86%
Rezmer-Płotka K.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
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2020
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issue 3 (49)
96-110
EN
Intermarium is one of the most important Polish geopolitical concepts. This article considers it within the category of militant democracy. It allows to explore the process of militant democracy, that is, introducing restrictions by legal means. Most restrictions have recently been introduced due to a coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, the article undertakes to examine the potential for implementation of the concept of the Intermarium during the pandemic and shortly after its end. The study uses a qualitative analysis of sources. Indicators relevant to the study of the process of militant democracy were distinguished based on the body of literature. Results: The traditional concept of the Intermarium erodes due to natural causes. Currently, Poland is more inclined to the concept of the Three Seas. In addition, in the face of the analysis that was carried out, it seems that in a pandemic situation we are observing the end of the paradigm of liberal democracy in this case.
3
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Główne priorytety polityki zagranicznej prezydenta Andrzeja Dudy

58%
Pawłowska M.
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
|
2022
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vol. 4(36)
9-27
PL
W obecnym stanie ustrojowym uprawienia polskiego prezydenta do prowadzenia samodzielnej polityki zagranicznej są dość ograniczone. Jednak w przypadku prezydentury Andrzeja Dudy występują pewne obszary, w których jego działania w latach 2015–2021 miały charakter dominujący. Dotyczyło to przede wszystkim inicjatywy Trójmorza, której celem jest integracja w dziedzinie gospodarki i infrastruktury państw Europy Środkowej. Polski prezydent był i jest głównym architektem tego projektu. Ponadto odgrywa istotną rolę w kreowaniu stosunków Polski z Ukrainą, a przede wszystkich ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi. Należy zauważyć, że w tych ostatnich przypadkach były one blisko związane z kolejnym zakresem pozostającym częściowo w gestii polskiego prezydenta – polityką bezpieczeństwa.
EN
In the present state of the political system, the powers of the Polish president to conduct an independent foreign policy are quite limited. But, in the case of the Andrzej Duda presidency, there are certain areas in which his activities between 2015–2021 were dominant, however. It mainly concerned the Three Seas Initiative, the aim of which is to integrate the economy and infrastructure of Central European countries. The Polish president was and still is the main architect of this project. Moreover, he plays an important role in shaping Poland’s relations with Ukraine, and above all with the United States. It should be noted that in the latter cases, they were closely related to another scope partly within the remit of the Polish president – security policy.
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