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EN
Philosophical anthropology explains the human being in context of “nature”. This philosophical explanation is the foundation for understanding man as the source of personal activities in various human societes. Saint Thomas was a realist in his consideration of man, and so he had to consider man’s inclination to sin. During his 1979 pilgrimage to Poland, Pope John Paul II spoke in Warsaw, and said: “We cannot completely understand man without Christ”. His encyclical letter Fides et Ratio suggests that it is necessary to complete the investigations of the philosophical anthropology on real human activities that evoke activity.
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Rocznik Tomistyczny
|
2020
|
vol. 1
|
issue 9
265-289
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the following, how Thomism was understood by Bocheński, next, path of Thomistic inspirations he had followed, and finally we show Thomism Bocheński had explored when teaching his own philosophical abbreviation (ABC tomizmu). Analysis based on these issues would allow to identify the specific features of Thomism studied and explored by Bocheński. Hence, the question we might pose does not to regard the fact whether Bocheński was a Thomist or not but, what sort of Thomism he represented. Bocheński should rather be considered to be a traditional Thomist than existential one because in his philosophical work he barely treated the problem of act of existence and importance of this particular problem. However, he refrained from adopting the method fundamental for traditional Thomism, which is strict adherence (fidelity) to source texts of Aquinas. Bocheński, in being open to achievements of contemporary philosophy, especially logic, was closer to Louvain Thomism. But, he never decided to implement modern scientific trends to philosophy of Aquinas, the tendency which was foreign to the very essence of philosophy, at least in its shape understood by Bocheński. In his philosophical views Bocheński was closer to Aristotle and the Aristotelian tradition. And because he preferred to follow Aristotelian realism he consequently kept that stance. His interest in analysis the utterances of Thomism from a perspective of logic allow to classify Bocheński to analytical Thomism, but we should remember that in times contemporary to Bocheński, the very notion of analytical Thomism had not been coined. The aforementioned conclusions allow to recognize originality of Thomistic thought represented by Bocheński and also, to admit that Bocheński’s thought cannot be classified univocally to a particular school of Thomism.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue 2
97-114
EN
The concept of creation in the tradition of human thought was investigated in the theological perspective—to explain the article of faith about the origin and God-world relation. Recently, the understanding of the issue has often been dominated by an ideologically based dispute between so called creationism and evolutionism. In his theory of creation (mostly contained in De Potentia, Summa contra Gentiles and Summa Theologica), Thomas Aquinas uses strictly philosophical instruments to analyze the problem. It allows to treat the issue of creation as a detailed explanation of the metaphysical causation theory. Furthermore, it lets us define the nature of relation between the Creator as the First Cause and the world—the set of created beings. The concept of creation is therefore a metaphysical explanation of ontic pluralism and contingency, that is, the existence of many beings (more than one) which do not have the necessity of existence. Creation is a way of explanation how the First Cause acts, which results in the existence of numerous accidental beings. It is not a transformation or a creation of something on the basis of previous elements. It is a production in being with no previous conditions (creatio ex nihilo). The formal end of the creative action is the act of existence of accidental beings. The creation of accidental beings generates a mutual relation of the Creator and the created beings. For the Creator (creatio activa), the creation is his own nature (Subsistent Existence) in its relation to the created beings. Such a connection has a feature of a mental relation, as practically it is not different from the nature of the Creator. For the created beings the creation (creatio passiva) is a real dependence in existence of the created beings on the Creator. This relation is a real accident, inherent in every created being, which means it is a predicable relation in the category of property (proprium).
PL
Subtelne dystynkcje poczynione przez Tomasza z Akwinu w wykładzie na temat stworzenia jako relacji, mogą sprawiać wrażenie bardzo „scholastycznych”, jałowych. Trzeba jednak pamiętać, że służą one temu, by w tak trudno dostępnym poznawczo obszarze nie popełnić błędu. Przypadki jakie miały miejsce w historii refleksji nad stworzeniem potwierdzają te obawy. Tomasz opisując w kategoriach relacji wzajemne odniesienie, jakie wskutek dzieła stwórczego powstaje w Stwórcy i w bycie stworzonym. Pozwala mu to na uwypuklenie charakteru stworzenia z niczego, które nie jest naturalnym procesem, ale zapoczątkowywaniem istnienia, które jest jednak warunkiem wszystkich tych procesów Pojęcie stworzenia jako relacji pozwala na pozbycie się wyobrażeniowych uproszczeń w rozumieniu przyczynowania Pierwszej Przyczyny. Odkrycie permanentnego trwania relacji zależności bytowej bytu stworzonego do Stworzyciela uwalnia od deistycznego obrazu Boga jako wyłącznie Pierwszego Poruszyciela, czyli sprawcy jedynie pewnej formy bytu. Zależność bytu stworzonego od Stworzyciela trwa zawsze i jest w niej każdy byt stworzony dopóki istnieje. Stworzyciel nie jest „niepotrzebną hipotezą”, zbyteczną w wyjaśnianiu powstawania i przemian świata, ale jest egzystencjalnym warunkiem zachodzenia wszystkich tych procesów. Przedstawienie relacji Stwórcy do bytu stworzonego jako myślnej, pozwala obronić transcendencję i niezależność Stwórcy od stworzenia, ale też jej odróżnienie pozwala nazywać Go ‘Stworzycielem’ Ujęcie stworzenia jako realnej relacji, która w bycie stworzonym należy do kategorii przypadłości, ujawnia autonomię bytów stworzonych wobec Stwórcy oraz podkreśla pluralizmu bytowego. Uzasadnia to możliwość uprawiania nauk naturalnych, w których nie ma konieczności odwoływania się do Pierwszej Przyczyny. Realność i powszechność tej relacji pozwala nazywać byty stworzone ‘stworzeniami’.
PL
The „second way” in the famous third article of Summa theologiae most closelycorresponds to all of Thomas’s own investigation into the existence of God. Onseveral occasions, when referring to its conclusion („there is a first effective cause”),Aquinas adds that the first cause is its own esse. The attributes of God are the consequencesof His structure as the esse itself. The first is that God is a one-elementbeing, in which existence is the only ontic material, and it has the nature of an act.It follows that existence is identified with an essence of God, His nature, life andall that God can be predicted („divinity” – deitas). God is understood to be thecause of all other beings, and He is not caused. This is what we call „subsistence”(ipsum subsistens). God’s immutability and eternity are simple consequences of Hissubsistent existence. God’s infinity and omnipresence are the derivative attributesof His existence. The whole group of such attributes can be recognized as theconsequences of his structure of the subsistent act of existence.The second group of attributes of God is the attributes which manifest theexistence of being. As such, they concern every being. However, the existence ofGod has absolute character as well as its attributes which manifest the existence.In relation to God, Thomas mentions here such attributes as the good, the truth, theunity, but there is no doubt that we can attribute to God the rest of transcendentals:reality, distinctiveness and beauty. Aquinas – basing here on metaphysical principleof proportionality of cause and effect – sees the source of perfection in God. Fromthis perspective we can talk about the personal nature of God, that is, His reasoning,freedom and love. Also, Thomas does not reject the existential perspective. Withinits framework, he solved the paradox of the omnipotence of God (can God createsomething more perfect than Himself?). Aquinas associates the concept of God’somnipotence with existence and states that it consists in the possibility of creatingevery being that can exist. This means that God does not contribute contradictoryontological internal structures.Thus, we can say that Thomas Aquinas in Summa theologiae outlines a coherentand quite complete conception of the essence of God, which is built within hisexistential theory of existence.
EN
The sacred preaching is, according to St. Thomas Aquinas, one of the key tasks of the ministers of God, under the order of Christ: ”Go out to the whole world; proclaim the Good News to all creation.” (Mark 16:15). The duty of preaching rests in particular on the bishops and priests. According to Aquinas there are three specific objectives of preaching: to illuminate the intelligence, to move the affects, and lead to resolutions. There are human means that belong to the art of oratory which help to achieve those purposes. However, one cannot rely exclusively on those human means. Human efforts are ineffective without the work of the Holy Spirit. Preaching requires contemplation, as it aims to convey to others knowledge of the truth which has been reached in contemplation. There are following acts that belong to the contemplative moment: to pray, learn, read, and meditate. Aquinas emphasizes the importance of study for those who are called to preach. However, there is also a need of the special assistance of the Holy Spirit, who freely offers his gifts and charismas. In the contemplation St. Thomas sees the highest level of human activity, the one in which human soul attains happiness. In Aquinas’s view, the contemplation of God is the ultimate goal of human life. To this sublime goal, the contemplation of God, human beings have to prepare themselves through a virtuous life, through prayer, and through the exercise of spiritual activities. Contemplation attains its acme in the highest contemplation of divine truth.
PL
Człowiek wierzący i człowiek kultury jest poważnie zagrożony, gdy wpadnie w pułapkę niechęci wobec rozumu. Wierze i kulturze wszelkiego typu potrzeba otwarcia na wielkość rozumu. Jedna i druga rzeczywistość potrzebują usprawnionego cnotami rozumu. „Trzeba sobie ciągle na nowo przypominać, iż rozum jest darem Boga. Św. Tomasz powiedział, że największym darem Boga jest rozum, znakiem Bożego podobieństwa, jakie każdy człowiek w sobie nosi”. Wiara jest racjonalnym transcendowaniem człowieka ku Dobru Najwyższemu-Bogu – akt wiary jest aktem rozumu wydanym z przyzwoleniem i decyzją woli. Kultura buduje się mocą rozumu przemienionego łaską wiary. O jakie cnoty rozumu tu chodzi? Cnotami rozumu teoretycznego jest naturalna cnota pojętności („intellectus, qui est habitus principiorum”), cnota wiedzy („virtus scientiae”), cnota mądrości („virtus sapientiae”); rozum praktyczny doskonalą cnoty: sprawność poznania pierwszych zasad rozumu praktycznego „sinderesis” oraz cnota roztropności („prudentia”); rozum wykonawczy doskonali cnota sztuki („ars”). Wymienione cnoty rozumu ukazują dodatni potencjał natury ludzkiej. Obecnie wyzwaniem dla chrześcijanina jest utrzymanie racjonalności wiary, zaś zadaniem kultury – baczenie na wiarę, która ofiaruje jej właściwy i wartościowy poziom.
EN
The author of the present paper tackles the questions related to mystical experience in St. Thomas’ Aquinas writings. He demonstrates that according to the medieval thinker, assuming the belief of impossibility of experiencing vision of the divine essence in this life, mystical experience of Moses and St. Paul (raptus) should be considered as temporary and transient, that only happens once. Such experience transcends human natural powers since it is God who takes the initiative in rapture. It also remains passive in itself as it occupies only human intellect which is the one to see the divine essence, while the body remains in dormant state. What is more, this experience is limited because someone who experiences rupture is unable to communicate accurately what exactly had happened to him. Therefore, mystical experience in this life was not of primary importance for St. Thomas. He was more attracted by the direct visual perception of God promised in the Holy Scripture, its implication being that in the supernatural domain the eternal act of knowing God and communion with Him persists. During the visio the object of cognition is more active than its subject. By the infusion of divine light (lumen gloriae) human cognitive abilities are intensifi ed until raptus becomes able to see the divine essence. Naturally, the bestowed grace of seeing God and its intensity depends on experienced intensity of love (caritas) and desire of receiving such grace. It results from the above that saints do not have the same knowledge of God and do not reach the same level of happiness. The chosen can reach it in accordance with their merits and God’s will. However, in the state of salvation the nature of human cognition will not change, since the same human being strives for happiness on earth and reaches it in heaven, realising at the same time his non-self-suffi ciency in reaching this state. This problem lies at the core of Thomas’ inquiry into visio beatifi cans.
PL
The author of the present paper tackles the questions related to mystical experience in St. Thomas’ Aquinas writings. He demonstrates that according to the medieval thinker, assuming the belief of impossibility of experiencing vision of the divine essence in this life, mystical experience of Moses and St. Paul (raptus) should be considered as temporary and transient, that only happens once. Such experience transcendshuman natural powers since it is God who takes the initiative in rapture. It also remains passive in itself as it occupies only human intellect which is the one to see the divine essence, while the body remains in dormant state. What is more, this experience is limited because someone who experiences rupture is unable to communicate accurately what exactly had happened to him. Therefore, mystical experience in this life was not of primary importance for St. Thomas. He was more attracted by the direct visual perception of God promised in the Holy Scripture, its implication being that in the supernatural domain the eternal act of knowing God and communion with Him persists. During the visio the object of cognition is more active than its subject. By the infusion of divine light (lumen gloriae) human cognitive abilities are intensifi ed until raptus becomes able to see the divine essence. Naturally, the bestowed grace of seeing God and its intensity depends on experienced intensity of love (caritas) and desire of receiving such grace. It results from the above that saints do not have the same knowledge of God and do not reach the same level of happiness. The chosen can reach it in accordance with their merits and God’s will. However, in the state of salvation the nature of human cognition will not change, since the same human being strives for happiness on earth and reaches it in heaven, realising at the same time his non-self-suffi ciency in reaching this state. This problem lies at the core of Thomas’ inquiry into visio beatifi cans.
EN
Divine wrath is a common theme within many cultures and religions. The biblical revelation also describes God as the One who sometimes is angry. Today, the message of God’s anger is very difficult to understand in a proper way. On the one hand, an excessive fear of God can become the basis for an unhealthy spirituality . On the other hand, to our modern way of thinking anger can seem to stand in conflict with the merciful love of God. Our short reflection explores divine wrath as seen from two different perspectives: the medieval scholastic system of Saint Thomas Aquinas and the twentieth century theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar. Analysis of the two authors’ texts, and the comparison of their solutions, allow us to discover some parallels and also identify some differences, which reflect the sensitivities of their respective epochs. The theologians’ efforts to express precisely the meaning of God’s mystery can be fruitful for our contemporary reflection and proclamation, inspiring the reader to delve further into the issue.
PL
Boski gniew jest doświadczeniem wspólnym wielu kulturom i religiom. Także Objawienie biblijne opisuje Boga jako tego, kto się gniewa. W dzisiejszych czasach orędzie o gniewie Bożym napotyka trudności we właściwym zrozumieniu. Z jednej strony możemy dostrzec niezdrową duchowość opartą na nadmiernym lęku przed Bogiem, z drugiej natomiast – dla naszej współczesnej mentalności gniew Boga zdaje się być nie do pogodzenia z miłosierną Jego miłością. Nasza krótka refleksja jest poświęcona Bożemu gniewowi widzianemu z dwóch perspektyw: średniowiecznego systemu scholastycznemu św. Tomasza z Akwinu oraz dwudziestowiecznej teologii Hansa Ursa von Balthasara. Analiza tekstów naszych autorów, jak również porównanie ich rozwiązań pozwala nam odkryć zbieżności i sformułować niektóre różnice, wskazujące na odmienne wrażliwości ich epok. Wysiłki teologów zmierzające do precyzyjnego nazwania tajemnicy Boga mogą okazać się użyteczne we współczesnej refleksji i przepowiadaniu.
EN
In his metatheoretical deliberations on the subject and the methods used in the sacra doctrina Thomas Aquinas does not refer to the four causes of mental model or even the typology of scientific questions, advanced by Aristotle in Posterior Analytics. As a result, in the first issue of his commentary he gives not four, but five articles. It was dictated by the consistent use within the theology developed by the metaphysics of being as existing and manifesting its existence through five transcendental properties, ie, the reality of unity, individuality, truth and goodness. This behaviour of the theologian, who is explaining the intricacies of shots in the relevant field for himself, and by reference to the correct application of philosophy and other sciences, in the opinion of Thomas is the right way to implement the guideline contained in formulas auctoritates: Crede ut intelligas (Augustine) fidem si potes rationemque coniunge (Boethius), fides quaerens intellectum (Anselm). At the same time it allows him to emphasize the difference between theology and revealed theology, which is part of metaphysics. In his opinion, the metaphysical consideration take into account the concept of being as existing, and in the sacra doctrina we use the concept of being as a creature, because it is a derivative of one of the articles of faith.
Nurt SVD
|
2019
|
issue 1
236-252
PL
Analizy przeprowadzone w niniejszym artykule mają na celu ukazanie istoty oraz roli, jaką koncepcja dobra najwyższego pełni na gruncie moralności realistycznej Tomasza z Akwinu oraz w filozofii transcendentalnej Immanuela Kanta. Pojęcie dobra najwyższego posiada odmienne znaczenie w obu systemach filozoficznych. Desygnatem tego pojęcia w filozofii realistycznej jest dobro i cel, które w pełni aktualizują wszystkie potencjalności człowieka. Tak rozumiane dobro najwyższe utożsamia się z Bogiem. Do niego jak do swego celu ostatecznego zmierzają poszczególne decyzje i działania człowieka. Analiza kantowskiej teorii postępowania moralnego dowodzi, że działania moralne człowieka zmierzają również do dobra najwyższego. Kant rozumie je jako to, czego nic nie przewyższa. Realizowanie dobra najwyższego również stanowi cel moralności, który wypływa z nakazu rozumu praktycznego. Jednakże tego rodzaju dobro nie utożsamia się z Bogiem w rozumieniu filozofii realistycznej. Jest ono konstruktem i złożeniem dwóch celów wynikających z natury ludzkiej. Jeden z nich wypływa z natury rozumnej, drugi ze zmysłowej. Dopiero aprioryczna synteza tych dwóch ujęć, czyli cnoty i szczęśliwości, stanowi dobro najwyższe. Jego zrealizowanie domaga się przyjęcia nieśmiertelności człowieka oraz istnienia Boga, czyli postulatów rozumu praktycznego.
EN
Analyzes carried out in this article aim at showing the essence as well as the role that concept of the highest good fulfills in the realistic morality of Thomas Aquinas and in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The notion of the highest good has a different meaning in both philosophical systems. The designatum of this concept in realistic philosophy is the good and the purpose that fully update all human potentialities. The highest good understood in this way is identified with God. Individual decisions and human activities are directed towards it as an ultimate goal. The analysis of Kant’s theory of moral behavior proves that the human moral actions are also aimed at the highest good. Kant understands them as nothing beyond anything else. Realization of the highest good is also the goal of morality flowing from the imperative of practical reason. However, this kind of good is not identified with God in the sense of realistic philosophy. It is a construct and the composition of two goals arising from human nature. One of them flows from a rational nature, the other from a sensual one. Only the a priori synthesis of these two approaches, that is virtue and happiness, constitutes the highest good. Its implementation, however, requires the adoption of human immortality and the existence of God, that is, postulates of practical reason.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyse the basic arguments for the existence of God on the example of the five ways (proofs) of Thomas Aquinas, which in their formula contain the concept of God. In the five ways of Thomas Aquinas, God appears as the First Mover (unmoved himself), the First Cause, the necessary being, the most perfect being, and as the mind ordering the tendencies of the natural world and leading everything towards a goal. The proofs of the existence of God from the thinker’s perspective come from various phenomena of the reality. The starting point is different: the phenomenon of movement, causal relations, contingency of existence, gradation of perfection, purposefulness. Despite the specific characteristics of the ways, they have a uniform structure. The ways of Aquinas prove the existence of the same object – God, but individual arguments capture the transcendence in different aspects. Common components of the arguments in favour of God's existence do not, however, mean that they are not separate. The goal that the medieval thinker pursued was achieved because each of the five ways reveals a specific attribute, which in fact is an attribute of God.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zasadniczych argumentów na rzecz istnienia Boga na przykładzie pięciu dróg (dowodów) Tomasza z Akwinu, które w swej formule zawierają koncepcję Boga. W pięciu drogach Tomasza z Akwinu, Bóg występuje jako: pierwsza siła poruszająca (sama nie poruszona), pierwsza przyczyna sprawcza, byt konieczny, byt najdoskonalszy oraz jako umysł porządkujący świat przyrodniczy i prowadzący wszystko do celu. Dowody na rzecz istnienia Boga w ujęciu myśliciela, wychodzą z różnych zjawisk rzeczywistości. Punkt wyjścia jest różny: zjawisko ruchu, relacje przyczynowe, przygodność istnienia, stopniowanie doskonałości, celowość. Mimo określonych cech charakteryzujących drogi, mają jednolitą strukturę. Drogi Akwinaty dowodzą istnienia tego samego przedmiotu - Boga, lecz poszczególne argumenty ujmują transcendencję w różnym aspekcie. Wspólne składniki argumentów na rzecz istnienia Boga nie przekreślają jednak ich odrębności. Cel do którego średniowieczny myśliciel dążył, został osiągnięty, ponieważ każda z pięciu dróg odkrywa określony atrybut, który w rzeczywistości jest atrybutem Boga.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2016
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
17-32
PL
W epoce, w której żył i tworzył Tomasz z Akwinu, nie spierano się o naturę Kościoła. Dlatego nie napisał on żadnego traktatu eklezjologicznego. Kwestie związane z Kościołem podejmował – tak jak inni scholastycy – w kontekście chrystologii i pneumatologii; jako Ciało Chrystusa Kościół jest bowiem dziełem (i proces ten zachodzi permanentnie) Zbawiciela i Ducha Świętego. Pawłowa metafora Kościoła jako „Ciała Chrystusa”, rozwinięta (ale przez innego autora) w Listach do Efezjan i Kolosan, w komentarzach Akwinaty nabiera kształtu wszechstronnej syntezy eklezjologicznej, obejmującej genezę, naturę, strukturę i misję Eklezji. W mistrzowski i twórczy sposób Tomasz z Akwinu korzysta z osiągnięć teologii patrystycznej, przede wszystkim św. Augustyna, nawiązuje też do średniowiecznej kanonistyki, angażującej się w konfl ikt papiestwa z cesarstwem. Sam jednak (zwłaszcza w Expositio in Symbolum) wydobywa chrystologiczno-pneumatyczny aspekt natury tej unikalnej wspólnoty, podkreślając mzarazem boską genezę Kościoła i jego eschatyczne zorientowanie na Boga (reditus creaturae rationalis ad Deum).
EN
In the times of Thomas Aquinas the great debate was going on about the nature of the Church and therefore he did not write any ecclesiological treatise. Like other scholastics, Aquinas undertook the questions concerning the Church in the context of Christology and pneumatology since as the Body of Christ, the Church is the work of the Saviour and the Holy Spirit and this process occurs permanently. St. Paul’s metaphor of the Church as “the Body of Christ” developed by another author in the Letter to the Ephesians and the Letter to the Corinthians acquires a form of a comprehensive ecclesiological synthesis in Aquinas’ commentaries which encompass the genesis, nature, structure and mission of the Ecclesia. In a skilful and creative manner, Thomas makes use of the achievements of patristic theology, especially of the works of St. Augustine, alluding to medieval canonistics which was engaged in the confl ict between the papacy and the empire
Teologia w Polsce
|
2016
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
17-32
EN
In the times of Thomas Aquinas the great debate was going on about the nature of the Church and therefore he did not write any ecclesiological treatise. Like other scholastics, Aquinas undertook the questions concerning the Church in the context of Christology and pneumatology since as the Body of Christ, the Church is the work of the Saviour and the Holy Spirit and this process occurs permanently. St. Paul’s metaphor of the Church as “the Body of Christ” developed by another author in the Letter to the Ephesians and the Letter to the Corinthians acquires a form of a comprehensive ecclesiological synthesis in Aquinas’ commentaries which encompass the genesis, nature, structure and mission of the Ecclesia. In a skilful and creative manner, Thomas makes use of the achievements of patristic theology, especially of the works of St. Augustine, alluding to medieval canonistics which was engaged in the conflict between the papacy and the empire. However, he extracts the Christological-pneumatological aspect of this unique community (especially in Expositio in Symbolum), emphasising the divine genesis of the Church and Her eschatic orientation to God (reditus creaturae rationalis ad Deum).
PL
W epoce, w której żył i tworzył Tomasz z Akwinu, nie spierano się o naturę Kościoła. Dlatego nie napisał on żadnego traktatu eklezjologicznego. Kwestie związane z Kościołem podejmował – tak jak inni scholastycy – w kontekście chrystologii i pneumatologii; jako Ciało Chrystusa Kościół jest bowiem dziełem (i proces ten zachodzi permanentnie) Zbawiciela i Ducha Świętego. Pawłowa metafora Kościoła jako „Ciała Chrystusa”, rozwinięta (ale przez innego autora) w Listach do Efezjan i Kolosan, w komentarzach Akwinaty nabiera kształtu wszechstronnej syntezy eklezjologicznej, obejmującej genezę, naturę, strukturę i misję Eklezji. W mistrzowski i twórczy sposób Tomasz z Akwinu korzysta z osiągnięć teologii patrystycznej, przede wszystkim św. Augustyna, nawiązuje też do średniowiecznej kanonistyki, angażującej się w konflikt papiestwa z cesarstwem. Sam jednak (zwłaszcza w Expositio in Symbolum) wydobywa chrystologiczno-pneumatyczny aspekt natury tej unikalnej wspólnoty, podkreślając zarazem boską genezę Kościoła i jego eschatyczne zorientowanie na Boga (reditus creaturae rationalis ad Deum).
PL
Św. Tomasz wskazuje w Sumie teologicznej, że akt zewnętrzny i powodujący go wewnętrzny stanowią jedność jako materia i forma, jeśli cel obu aktów jest ten sam. W takim akcie działanie zewnętrzne może zwiększyć intensywność działania woli, a więc akt wewnętrzny. Uczynki, które są tylko środkami do celu aktu wewnętrznego mają własną wartość moralną, którą otrzymuje podejmująca je wola. Bł. Jan Duns Szkot w osiemnastej dyskusji kwodlibetalnej ukazuje odrębność aktu zewnętrznego i zewnętrznego, mimo łączącej ich relacji przyczynowości. Nie jest więc bez znaczenia dla moralności, według Szkota, czy postanowiony czyn zostanie wprowadzony w życie.
EN
In the Dominican reputable publishing ‘Cerf’ was published a book of father Adriano Oliva OP. The aim of this book is ‘pastoral’ reinterpretation of traditional teaching of the Church about second marriage of people who are divorced (les divorces remariés) and homosexual couples (les couples homosexuels). A. Oliva is basing his suggestions on texts of St. Thomas Aquinas. Father Oliva his considerations about marriage begins (p. 7) from quotation from Thomas’ Summa contra Gentiles where Thomas says that between husband and wife there is occured amicitia maxima (the largest friendship). The sign of amicitia maxima is not only sex life (actus carnalis copulae) but also the co- -existence in the household (domestica conversationis consortium). The analysis of ontological structure of marriage broadly is unanimous with the text of Aquinas but the consequences formulated from it are contradictory with his moral teaching about marriage and family. According to father Oliva the method of reinterpretation of Thomas’ teaching consists in separating one sentence from wider context and ‘commissioning’ its justifying conclusions. These conclusions are absolutely contradictory with Thomas Aquinas’ views which are voiced expressis verbis. Father Oliva uses this method also in respect of homosexsuality. The sentence quoted above about marriage’s friendship as the biggest friendship between people is in Thomas’ text one of the arguments for inseparably (indivisibilitas) of marriage and it is taken from chapter on the topic. Father Oliva takes a sentence from the text of the inseparably of marriage and in his book this inseparably is weakened in some way. Father Oliva used a statement of Thomas Aquinas’ – if a nature of some man is corrupted (natura corrupta), for this man it will be connaturale this what is contra nature (contra naturam). Thomas gives as examples cannibalism, bestiality and homosexuality. On the basis of that father Oliva writes that homosexuality being incompatible with the generally understood nature is natural for homosexual people because of their individual nature. Dominican scholar as if he had forgotten that the ‘individual nature is the result of corruption (corruptio). The way out of corruption is either repair or destruction the nature. Meanwhile father Oliva proposes the third way: the acceptance of corruption. In Thomas’ works we will not find basis for that acceptance. The book of Adriano Oliva, rather proclaimed in its views, are complete misunderstanding in the sense that it completely inaccurately selected basis for the proclaimed views. St. Thomas’ views are not good to justify to let to the Church’s sacraments divorces remariés and institutional acceptance of homosexual couples
Studia Bobolanum
|
2019
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
133-148
EN
The paper is a presentation of Aquinas’s and John Paul II’s ideas that may be recognized as the basis for interreligious encounters. At the beginning the author presents a couple of passages by the Doctor Angelicus that must be considered a hindrance for the interreligious dialogue, if undertaken in the spirit of the Vatican II. But a careful reading of Aquinas’s legacy allows to detect a couple of important elements that are still relevant today and may be considered as a kind of doctrinal foundation for the encounters with non-Christian believers. The basis for such encounters should be a strong identity and the respect for the supernatural gift of faith. The participants should make appeal only to the authorities accepted by the other part. John Paul II’s proposal has its basic convergence with Aquinas’s thought, although the Polish pope enriches the Thomistic vision by the idea of integral dialogue, engaging all the human being, inspired by the philosophy of M. Buber and E. Levinas. The strong identity desired by both Aquinas and John Paul II as the foundational condition for a fruitful encounter with non-Christian believers may play its appropriate role only if it is a really converted identity. John Paul II showed us with many gestures and actions during his pontificate what this conversion of our identity should be.
FR
Artykuł jest prezentacją idei Tomasza z Akwinu i Jana Pawła II, które stanowią podstawę dialogu międzyreligijnego. Autor przedstawia kilka tekstów Doktora Anielskiego, stanowiących bardziej wyzwanie niż pomoc dla wszystkich, którzy chcieliby rozwijać dialog międzyreligijny w duchu II Soboru Watykańskiego. Jak się jednak okazuje, uważna lektura dzieła Tomasza pozwala wskazać kilka elementów doktrynalnych, które wciąż zachowują swoją aktualność – podstawą do spotkania z wyznawcami innych religii jest silna tożsamość i szacunek dla nadprzyrodzonego daru wiary, uczestnicy dialogu powinni odwoływać się w dyskusjach wyłącznie do akceptowanych przez drugą stronę autorytetów. Sięgnięcie po dzieło Jana Pawła II pozwala dostrzec wspólne rysy z myślą Akwinaty, choć polski papież wzbogaca tomistyczną propozycję o inspirowaną filozofią M. Bubera i E. Levinasa koncepcję dialogu. Postulowana zarówno przez Tomasza z Akwinu, jak i Jana Pawła II, silna tożsamość jako podstawa spotkania z wyznawcami innych religii spełni swoją rolę, pod warunkiem że będzie – na sposób, który podpowiadał Jan Paweł II swoimi gestami i działaniami wobec wyznawców innych religii – tożsamością nawróconą.
EN
In researching the compatibility of reason and faith in the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas we begin from the first article of the composition in which Thomas, besides philosophy which is a rational way to the truth, shows us sacra doctrina – research gaining from the revelation of God coming into the world to testify to the truth. Summa Theologiae becomes a synthesis of two ways of knowing, according to article 8 in which St Thomas defines mutual relation of philosophy and theology. The reason furthers the belief in three ways: getting to know the truth about God the natural reason, thanks to that it is possible to refer to the authority of philosophers; refuting the charges which are in the opposite to faith and explaining difficulties (in these two situations philosophy remains autonomy – it is active in the field of revelabilia) and the reasoning in the area of truths inaccessible to reason what is helping in getting from one revealed truth to other (here we can only speak about the subservient role of philosophy in the area revelata). The purpose of the researches is to analyze the unequivocalness of philosophical terms used by St Thomas and checking the cohesion of philosophical explanations formulated both in the truths comprehensible to reason as well as in the area of truths incomprehensible to reason. This is the basic level of verification of compatibility of reason and faith remaining in the philosophy competence. Theology should check how the thesis posed in particular articles result from premises presented by St Thomas from Bible. We analyzed the application of philosophy in refuting the charges against faith where effective method turned out elaborating and redefining terms such as goodness, evil, omnipotence, omniscience, providence, freedom of will. This made possible for St Thomas to overcome the contradiction between goodness and omnipotence of God and evil in the world, between the omniscience of God and the freedom of the will and between the Providence of God and the autonomy of action of creatures. In the field of truths incomprehensible to reason it was not a success to formulate any thesis which is according to Thomas Aquinas’ philosophy. The Treatise on Trinity seems to be divergent with the Treatise on God. The problem is the knowledge of God which is His essence. In turn, the essence is common to the Three Divine Persons what makes impossible awareness of the independence because God’s essence is not composed. Also left unanswered the question of whether the three Persons can think by one intellect. Researching the compatibility of the order of nature with the order of grace turned out to be groundless because of the lack of unambiguous interpretation.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2014
|
vol. 8
|
issue 1
19-36
EN
The article presents actual debate about interpretations of Aquinas ́s soteriology and focus his attention particularly to two concepts, which plays important role in thomistic approach to salvation. First, is the understanding of satisfaction which received in theology of Aquinas a personalist meaning. The main topic is manifest relationship with Anselm’s satisfaction and another perspective that take Thomas: juridical language can not occult his rely on friendship as principal category of his soteriological thinking. Thomas doesn’t develop the latest reformation idea of satisfactio vicaria, because his perspective is the inclusion of the believer in Christ. Besides, among the motives of incarnation the satisfaction is the last one. Second, the notion of merit has a profound relational character and manifest solidarity of Christ with the member of Mystical Body. In the presentation of Thomas’s thinking about Anselm theory we pay attention to the change of his attitude towards satisfactory from commentary do the Sentences to Summa Theologiae.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia stan aktualnej debaty wokół interpretacji soteriologii Tomasza z Akwinu, zwracając uwagę na dwa zasadnicze teologiczne koncepty, które odgrywają kluczową rolę w jego rozumieniu zbawienia. Pierwszym jest zadośćuczynienie, które u Tomasza z Akwinu ma wydźwięk personalistyczny, gdyż to kategoria przyjaźni jest właściwą perspektywą dla jego myślenia soteriologicznego. Tomasz nie rozwija późnoreformacyjnej idei satisfactio vicaria, ponieważ jego ujęcie zadośćuczynienia opiera się na innym fundamencie: na włączeniu wierzącego w Chrystusa. Drugim z pojęć-kluczy dla Tomaszowej soteriologii jest zasługa, rozumiana przede wszystkim w kategoriach relacyjnych i objawiająca solidarność Chrystusa z członkami Mistycznego Ciała. W prezentacji Tomaszowej oceny soteriologicznej teorii Anzelma trzeba również zwrócić uwagę na rozwój jego rozumienia „zadośćuczynienia” od Komentarza do sentencji po Sumę teologii.
EN
The eight-hundredth anniversary of the Great Poet's death is the occasion of this study, which presents the souls of the twelve scholars immortalised by Dante in the fourth heaven. Approaching such personalities, we note the diverse cultural forms that have marked history and continue to illuminate it with the wisdom of their works. From this insight springs a hymn in honour of the culture that also shines brightly in Dante's poetry.
PL
Osiemsetna rocznica śmierci Wielkiego Poety leży u początków tego studium, które przedstawia dusze dwunastu uczonych uwiecznionych przez Dantego w czwartym niebie. Zbliżając się do takich osobistości, zauważamy różnorodne formy kultury, które naznaczyły historię i nadal rozświetlają ją mądrością ich dzieł. Z tego spostrzeżenia wypływa hymn na cześć kultury, która jaśnieje również w poezji Dantego.
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