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EN
The processes which take place in international relations are the result of impact forces of individual entities in the economic and political life of the contemporary world. Analysis of the literature on this subject allows to notice the often appearing view of the growing role of TNCs in the world economy. The reason for this is that TNCs have enormous influence on the transfer of capital and technology. Is such great economic po¬tential able to weaken the position of the state in the international arena? Is economy the area where the withdrawal of the states and resignation from direct action may be obse¬rved? Does economic power of the states give way to corporations? The analysis of data was conducted in order to compare the role of the state and TNC using economic measu¬res. This article attempts to assess the economic significance of these entities in the con¬temporary global economy.
PL
Korporacje transnarodowe są jednym z najważniejszych podmiotów na rynku globalnym. Ich oddziaływanie widoczne jest we wszystkich niemal dziedzinach rozwoju światowej gospodarki. Sposób funkcjonowania korporacji transnarodowych wzbudza jednak wiele kontrowersji. Przedmiotem krytyki jest zwłaszcza agresywna polityka podatkowa, często prowadząca nie tylko do unikania, ale wręcz do uchylania się od opodatkowania. Nasilające się procesy globalizacji potęgują to zjawisko, bowiem swoboda przepływu kapitału daje możliwość swobodnego transferu zysków do krajów, które słyną z liberalnej jurysdykcji podatkowej, w tym niskich stawek podatku lub zwolnień z opodatkowania. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja instrumentów podatkowych, jakie korporacje transnarodowe wykorzystują do optymalizacji podatkowej. Do realizacji celu badawczego posłużyła krytyczna analiza literatury, danych empirycznych oraz metoda case study. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że do optymalizacji podatkowej wykorzystywane są najczęściej spółki specjalnego przeznaczenia (SPE), pośredniczące w sprzedaży eksportowej, spółki licencyjne, spółki holdingowe, a także spółki latterbox. Zjawisko unikania opodatkowania wyraźnie wzrosło, a wysokość podatków płaconych przez największe korporacje jest niewspółmierna do osiąganych przez nie wyników finansowych.
EN
Transnational corporations are one of the most important entites on the global market becouse they influence the final shape of economic relations between states and the international division of labour. Their impact is visible in almost all areas of global economy development. However, the way of their functioning arouses many controversies. The subject of criticism is, in paricular, aggressive tax policy which entites of global scale undertake while avoiding, and often even evading taxation. Increasing globalization processes intensify this phenomenon because the free flow of capital gives the possibility of free profits transfers to countries that are famous for their liberal tax jurisdiction, including low tax rates and tax exemptions. The article aims to identify the instruments functioning under the current tax systems that transnational corporations use for tax optimization. A crtical analysis of literature and empirical data as well as a case study method were used to obtain the research goal. In conclusion, it was stated that the most commonly used legal construct for tax optimization are the special purpose entities (SPE), such as export sales, license, holding and letterbox companies. The phenomenon of tax avoidance has isignificantly increased, and the amount of taxes paid by the largest corporations is disproportionate to the obtained financial results.
EN
The article concerns problems of activity large companies in the world economy. Their position comes from global processes, which means freedom of people, finances and technology transfer. Corporations in order to improve their economic efficiency and because of strong competition use some kind of instruments that emerge their economic position. Amongst them, there are economic and law pressure, influence on job market, dispersion of their structures, complexity and independence in decisions. Thanks to them corporations are highly effective but also have negative social image.
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