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Crossings with Jatra: Bengali Folk-theatre Elements in a Transcultural Representation of Lady Macbeth

100%
Dutta Gupta A.
Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance
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2021
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vol. 23
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issue 38
91-108
EN
This paper examines a transcultural dance-theatre focusing on Lady Macbeth, through the lens of eastern Indian Bengali folk-theatre tradition, jatra. The wide range of experimentation with Shakespeare notwithstanding, the idea of an all-female representation is often considered a travesty. Only a few such explorations have earned recognition in contemporary times. One such is the Indian theatre-dance production Crossings: Exploring the facets of Lady Macbeth by Vikram Iyenger, first performed in 2004. Four women representing four facets of Lady Macbeth explore the layered nuances that constitute her through the medium of Indian classical dance and music juxtaposed with Shakespearean dialogues from Macbeth. This paper will argue the possibilities posited by this transgressive re-reading of a major Shakespearean tragedy by concentrating on a possible understanding through a Hindu religious sect -Vaishnavism, as embodied through the medium of jatra. To form a radically new stage narrative in order to bring into focus the dilemma and claustrophobia of Lady Macbeth is perhaps the beginning of a new generation of Shakespeare explorations. Iyenger’s production not only dramatizes the tragedy of Lady Macbeth through folk dramatic tradition, dance and music, but also Indianises it with associations drawn from Indian mythological women like Putana (demoness) and Shakti (sacred feminine).
2
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Ruch Świadomości Kryszny – gaudija wisznuizm w kulturze Zachodu

72%
Fic L.
Nurt SVD
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2021
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issue 2
187-200
PL
Międzynarodowe Towarzystwo Świadomości Kryszny jest ruchem misyjnym, wywodzącym się ze szkoły bengalskiego wisznuizmu. Powstało ono w 1966 roku na terenie Stanów Zjednoczonych. W swoich początkach fascynowało niezwykle ludzi młodych, wywodzących się z kręgów hipisowskiej kontrkultury, poszukujących duchowego oświecenia. Artykuł przedstawia w zarysie historię tego ruchu, postać jego założyciela, naukę, którą głosił oraz praktyki religijne jego adeptów. Wskazuje także na różnice doktrynalne między chrześcijaństwem a krysznaizmem. Ich znajomość jest niezbędna w dialogu między tymi religiami.
EN
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness is a missionary movement originating from the Bengali school of Vaishnavism. It was founded in 1966 in the United States. In its beginnings it fascinated young people coming from the hippie counterculture who were looking for spiritual enlightenment. The article outlines the history of the movement, the figure of its founder, the doctrine he preached and the religious practices of his followers. It also points out the doctrinal differences between Christianity and Krishnaism. Knowledge of these is essential in the dialogue between these religions.
3
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W poszukiwaniu genezy i specyfiki zjawiska ekstazy w religiach Bengalu

72%
Czyżykowski R.
Studia Religiologica
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2011
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vol. 44
59-69
EN
In the religions of Bengal ecstasy is the culmination and test of religious maturity and the state of adulthood, the external expression of unio mystica and the effect of possession by a deity. Ecstasy confirms and provides meaning to religious practices, and the exceptional bodily states that accompany it provide religion with the marks of authenticity – one might say that ecstasy is the actualisation of the myth and model of the perfect person that can be found in Bengali culture. The ecstatic usually fulfils the function of guru – the verification of the authenticity of his bhava (ecstatic state) works as a legitimisation of his status as a religious teacher. Ecstasy can be induced by ritual means, asceticism and discipline – such ecstasy can be called ritual. In the other case it has the nature of spontaneous experience, and in this case it is perceived as a sign of the particular blessing of the deity. This understanding of the phenomenon of ecstasy is convergent with the concept of religion as a mystical state providing meaning as well as offering a person exceptional visionary experiences that are not present in ordinary life. In this way ecstasy would be the realisation of the innate human potential to enter altered states of consciousness (ASC), which constitute an integral component of traditional cultures. Such states are experienced by the participants of a given community in accordance with the model operating in that culture, and are the legitimisation of the knowledge passed on according to tradition. On the other hand, these states continually verify that model, and sometimes go beyond it, introducing new elements into the culture and specific religious tradition.
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Ritual Worship of the Narasiṁhamantra as Depicted in the "Sātvatasamhitā"

72%
Dębicka-Borek E.
Cracow Indological Studies
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2013
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vol. 15: Text History and Society as Depicted in Indian Literature and Art. Part II. ŚRAVYA. Poetry & Prose
167-207
EN
Most probably, the Sātvatasamhitā is the only one among the recognized samhitās of the Vaiṣṇava Pāñcarātra that elaborates upon the procedure of worshipping [the mantra of] Narasiṁha belonging to vibhava deities (vaibhavīyanarasimhakalpa). Its aim is formulated in SātS 16, where it is stated that an initiation with the help of narasimhamantra (narasimhadīksā) as well as the further worship of this mantra remove sins committed in previous lives, even in the case of nāstikas. The detailed account of the procedure is given in the next chapter, i.e. SātS 17. Yet, when analyzed out of the general context of the text, vaibhavīyanarasimhakalpa seems to present a fully fledged procedure meant for a sādhaka striving for magical powers (siddhi); it depicts the narasimhadīksā which grants the right to worship the narasimhamantra in order to realize worldly aims. The traces of textual re-working suggest that the idea of vaibhavīyanarasimhakalpa might come from another context. It is also probable that for some reasons its original function considering the attainment of magical powers was reformulated within the scope of SātS into the purifying ceremony preceding the proper initiation.
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